scholarly journals European Ai-Policy Space

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 108-117
Author(s):  
R. S. Vykhodets
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
White Paper ◽  
International Level ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Technological Competition ◽  
The Eu

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one of the central technologies of the fourth industrial revolution. A significant part of the production of surplus value in the XXI century is associated with the mastery and widespread introduction of technologies, which contributes to the consolidation of technological competition as an object of state policy and an important component of international relations. The European Union today occupies a leading position in the field of technology development and Since 2018 the EU is in the process of forming a unified strategy in the field of AI, the directions, principles and approaches of which are the main subject of this article.The study is primarily based on the analysis of official documents included in the EU Strategy on AI: White Paper, Coordination Plan, Proposal for a Regulation establishing harmonized rules for artificial intelligence in the EU, documents of the expert groups of the European Commission, etc. The analysis of the EU policy to promote its own vision and approaches at the international level is based on theoretical models of the concept of “soft power” and the neo-institutional approach.Against the backdrop of fierce global technological competition, the EU was one of the first in the world to form a holistic strategy for the development of AI technologies. This makes it possible not only to strengthen its own position as a world leader in the field of innovative technologies, but also to significantly expand the intra-European and international integration agenda, as well as to supplement the European arsenal of soft power with tools to promote its own norms, standards and ethical principles of AI development at the global level.The key directions of the EU AI Policy are identified and disclosed. These include investments in technologies, creating conditions for their development, promoting development and implementation, creating an educational and regulatory environment, promoting the European vision of AI technology development at the international level. The authors considered key mechanisms of political regulation at the EU level, forms of interaction between stakeholders, approaches to promoting common principles in the field of ethics and security of AI technologies within the EU and at the international level.

The EU Language Policy as a Tool

2021 ◽  
pp. 113-130
Author(s):  
Neriman Hocaoğlu Bahadır
Keyword(s):  
Language Policy ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Minority Languages ◽  
International Level ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Official Languages ◽  
Regional Organisation ◽  
The Eu

The European Union (EU) is a multilingual union, which has 27 official languages. There is no other international or regional organisation that has so many official languages. Since its very beginning, the official languages of the member states are the official languages of the EU. The multilingualism of the EU is not just about the official languages of the EU but also because of the numerous indigenous regional and minority languages. The language policy of the EU can be traced back to the Treaty of Rome and the first regulation. Since then, the language policy of the EU has changed parallel with the developments and changes within the EU and in the world. First, it was evaluated as a tool for personal development and integration, but with the changes in the globalized world, it became a tool to increase the competitiveness of the EU, which can be seen as a soft power at the international level. This chapter aims to show the changing role of the EU's language policy and its current status as a powerful tool in the knowledge-based economies at the international level.

scholarly journals The Jean Monnet Programme as a Tool to Reinforce the Role of the EU as a Regional and Global Actor

2015 ◽  
pp. 28-38
Author(s):  
M De Martino
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Eu

This article aims to analyse the Jean Monnet programme as a soft power instrument of the European Union to achieve its objectives in the international arena. This research, through a quantitative and comparative analysis, explores the tendencies of the Jean Monnet Programme in terms of number of Jean Monnet projects per year in the countries, which have benefitted the most from the programme. From this study, it has emerged that regions neighbouring the European Union have trends very different from other third countries that are also active participants in the Jean Monnet Programme.

scholarly journals The EU Eastern Partnership Initiative and Georgia

Politeja ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (5(62)) ◽  
pp. 117-140
Author(s):  
David Darchiashvili ◽  
David Bakradze
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The West ◽  
Coercive Diplomacy ◽  
Eastern Partnership ◽  
Eu Foreign Policy ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Eu

The article views the geographical area between the EU and Russian borders as a battle space of two, drastically different foreign policy and ideological approaches. The authors argue that in the years since the end of the Cold War, a unique surrogate of former clash of liberal and communist worlds emerged, leading to and underpinning current Hybrid Warfare, underway from Ukraine to Georgia. Its roots lay in the Russian interpretation of the Western attitude towards the East as Neo-colonialist. Relying on the income from its vast energy resources, Russia also tries to develop its version of so called “Soft Power”, used by the West in this region. Though in Russian hands, it is coupled with Moscow’s imperial experiences and resentments, and is becoming a mere element in Hybrid or “non-linear” war. Speaking retrospectively, the Eastern Partnership Initiative of the European Union can be seen as a response to Hybrid threats, posed by Russia against its Western and Southern neighbors. But the question is, whether EU foreign policy initiatives towards this area can and will be efficient and sufficient, if continued to be mostly defensive and limited within Soft Power mechanisms and philosophy, while Russia successfully combines those with traditional Hard Power know-how? The authors argue that in the long run, European or Euro-Atlantic Soft Power tool-kits, spreading Human Rightsbased culture farther in the East, will remain unmatched. But in order to prevail over the Russian revisionist policy here and now, the West, and, particularly, the EU need to re-evaluate traditional foreign policy options and come up with a more drastic combination of Soft/Hard Powers by itself. As the Georgian case shows, the European community should more efficiently use Conditionality and Coercive Diplomacy, combined with clearer messages about partners’ membership perspectives.

8. EU Expansion and Wider Europe

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Avery
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
European Neighbourhood Policy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Balkan Countries ◽  
The Eu

This chapter focuses on the expansion of the European Union and the widening of Europe. Enlargement is often seen as the EU's most successful foreign policy. It has extended prosperity, stability, and good governance to neighbouring countries by means of its membership criteria. However, enlargement is much more than foreign policy: it is the process whereby the external becomes internal. It is about how non-member countries become members, and shape the development of the EU itself. The chapter first compares widening and deepening before discussing enlargement as soft power. It then explains how the EU has expanded and why countries want to join. It also looks at prospective member states: the Balkan countries, Turkey, Norway, Switzerland, and Iceland. Finally, it examines the European Neighbourhood Policy.

scholarly journals Artificial Intelligence – Challenges and Chances for Europe

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Joseph Straus
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Economic Environment ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Fourth Industrial Revolution ◽  
The Eu

As one of the building blocks of the fourth industrial revolution, artificial intelligence has attracted much public attention and sparked protracted discussions about its impact on future technological, economic and social developments. This contribution conveys insights into artificial intelligence’s basic methods and tools, its main achievements, its economic environment and the surrounding ethical and social issues. Based on the announced and taken measures of the EU organs in the area of artificial intelligence, the contribution analyses the position of Europe in the global context.

Sejm i Senat wobec wyzwań Unii Europejskiej

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 103-114
Author(s):  
Ilona Grądzka
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
National Level ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
International Level ◽  
The European Union ◽  
National Parliaments ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Eu

The article’s goal is to present the consequences of Polish membership in the European Union (EU) for the functioning of the Polish Sejm and Senate at the national and international level. Polish accession to the European Union resulted in changes to the scope of competences of certain organs of the Republic of Poland. This was related to the transfer of specific state competences to an international organization and it applied, in particular, to the Polish Parliament (the Sejm and Senate) which has lost its primary role as legislator of laws applicable in Poland. In order to avoid the marginalization of national parliaments in the EU decision-making process, appropriate legal measures have been introduced at the national and international level. Additionally, after the Treaty of Lisbon entered into force, national parliaments have received new competences which allowed them to exist on the forum of the European Union. The article puts forward the thesis that the Polish Sejm and Senate have lost their position as main legislative bodies at the national level but, at the same time, they have acquired a new European function which can neither be qualified as traditionally understood legislative nor controlling functions.

scholarly journals The Policy of Renewable Energy Sources in the Function of the Environmental Protection in the EU

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 344-353
Author(s):  
Dejan Ž. Đorđević ◽  
Milan Veselinović
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Policy ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Total Energy Balance ◽  
The Eu

AbstractThe policy of renewable energy sources has gained more importance over recent years. The European Union is facing serious challenges regarding greenhouse gas emissions and energy sustainability, followed by the supply security, import dependence and competitiveness as well as the effective implementation of the internal energy market. The energy policy of the European Union is the most effective response to the new situation the member states of the European Union are facing. The EU energy policy aims to cause a new industrial revolution and the growth of the economic energy efficiency with low emissions of carbon dioxide. In order to achieve this, targets have been set for the future. Among them is the increase in the share of production and consumption of renewable energy in the total energy balance.

scholarly journals The cultural constituent of the European Soft Power in the Republic of Kazakhstan

2020 ◽  
Vol 132 (3) ◽  
pp. 103-113
Author(s):  
A.Zh. Seitkhamit ◽  
◽  
S.M. Nurdavletova
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Cultural Diplomacy ◽  
European Countries ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Eu

The European Union dynamically exercises various forms and methods of the Soft Power in its foreign policy. The article reviews its main principles and characteristics as well as conceptual basics. As an example, the article considers the European cultural diplomacy in the Republic of Kazakhstan as a method of soft power. The authors pay an attention specific actions of the European cultural diplomacy in Kazakhstan as well as the mechanisms of its implementation. Apart from that, cultural soft power of two European countries – France and Germany – are considered as separate actions of the EU member states in the sphere of culture. Finally, it assesses importance of Kazakhstan for the EU and effectiveness of such policy in this country.

scholarly journals The human capital rationale behind the economic growth of the European Union countries: application of the advanced methods to enhance an efficiency of national human capital stocks

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-48
Author(s):  
Iuliia A. Stabinskaite
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
European Union ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
The European Union ◽  
National Human ◽  
Dimensional Assessment ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Eu

Human capital is an important factor of economic growth, as has been underlined by recent theoretical models. The main goal of this article is to elucidate the relationship between human capital and dynamics of economic growth in the European Union (EU). For the purposes of this article human capital is defined as knowledge, skills as well as other individual factors which lead to higher productivity. Therefore, the greatest attention is focused on the multi-dimensional assessment of human capital in the processes of economic development of the European countries. A detailed evaluation of human capital in the EU is represented at interregional and international levels. Furthermore, author suggests a guidance for designing and planning strategies aimed at sustainable economic development by using the model predictive control algorithms.

Book IV Multilateral Diplomacy, Human Rights, and International Organizations, 22 The European Union—II External Relations

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Berman Paul
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
International Level ◽  
The European Union ◽  
External Relations ◽  
Single State ◽  
Common Policies ◽  
Multilateral Diplomacy ◽  
The Eu

This chapter examines the unique characteristics of the European Union in conducting its external relations, including its limitations and complex division of responsibilities. The Union’s position on the international stage has frequently been seen as ambiguous. Its extensive common policies and legislation, and its extensive relations with third States and international organizations, can create the expectation that the European Union can or should act at the international level in a manner akin to that of a single State. However the Union can only act within the limits of the powers conferred on it by its Member States under the EU Treaties and the complex division of responsibilities amongst the Union’s own institutions. As such, dealing with the European Union at the international level can indeed be perplexing.

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