scholarly journals Fertilizer distribution flows and logistic costs in Brazil: changes and benefits arising from investments in port terminals

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Débora da Costa Simões ◽  
José Vicente Caixeta-Filho ◽  
Udatta S. Palekar
Keyword(s):  
Linear Programming ◽  
Programming Model ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Port Development ◽  
Full Capacity ◽  
Port System ◽  
Infrastructure Investments ◽  
Port Infrastructure ◽  
The Impact ◽  
A Current

This study analyzes the impact of anticipated investments to alter Brazilian port infrastructure on fertilizer flows and fertilizer transportation logistics costs using a linear programming model designed for the task. The most notable among these investments are directed toward accelerating port development in Brazil’s “Northern-Arc”, thereby increasing fertilizer supply to new markets opening throughout the country’s expanding agricultural frontier, particularly in northern Mato Grosso state, while increasing supply to existing markets. Results from model runs show that the anticipated port infrastructure investments should ensure nationwide fertilizer logistics savings of US$ 845 million over the 2017 through 2025 period. Although these estimated benefits are outstanding, the study indicates that further expansion of Brazil’s port system, particularly in the Northern-Arc, presents additional opportunities. Model projections were that in 2025, after all planned infrastructure improvements are operational, port terminals will be near full capacity, which should make planning for future projects a current priority.

scholarly journals A Mixed Integer Linear Programming Method for Simultaneous Multi-Periodic Train Timetabling and Routing on a High-Speed Rail Network

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 1131
Author(s):  
Wenliang Zhou ◽  
Xiaorong You ◽  
Wenzhuang Fan
Keyword(s):  
Linear Programming ◽  
Integer Linear Programming ◽  
Mixed Integer Linear Programming ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Programming Model ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
High Speed Rail ◽  
Train Timetabling ◽  
Train Timetable ◽  
The Impact

To avoid conflicts among trains at stations and provide passengers with a periodic train timetable to improve service level, this paper mainly focuses on the problem of multi-periodic train timetabling and routing by optimizing the routes of trains at stations and their entering time and leaving time on each chosen arrival–departure track at each visited station. Based on the constructed directed graph, including unidirectional and bidirectional tracks at stations and in sections, a mixed integer linear programming model with the goal of minimizing the total travel time of trains is formulated. Then, a strategy is introduced to reduce the number of constraints for improving the solved efficiency of the model. Finally, the performance, stability and practicability of the proposed method, as well as the impact of some main factors on the model are analyzed by numerous instances on both a constructed railway network and Guang-Zhu inter-city railway; they are solved using the commercial solver WebSphere ILOG CPLEX (International Business Machines Corporation, New York, NY, USA). Experimental results show that integrating multi-periodic train timetabling and routing can be conducive to improving the quality of a train timetable. Hence, good economic and social benefits for high-speed rail can be achieved, thus, further contributing to the sustained development of both high-speed railway systems and society.

scholarly journals Application of zai and rock bunds in the northwest region of Burkina Faso: study of its impact on household level by using a stochastic linear programming model

1998 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-136
Author(s):  
A. Maatman ◽  
H. Sawadogo ◽  
C. Schweigman ◽  
A. Ouedraogo
Keyword(s):  
Linear Programming ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Programming Model ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Linear Programming Model ◽  
Sequential Decision ◽  
Stochastic Linear Programming ◽  
Farm Level ◽  
The Impact

Agricultural production in the NW Burkina Faso is seriously endangered by soil erosion and an overall decline in soil fertility. In the past 15 years various anti-erosion methods have been adopted in this region with some success. The widespread promotion of rock bunds is an important example. Land conservation methods alone without increased efforts to maintain (or to increase) soil fertility levels does not suffice in the long run. The potential impact of a combination of rock bunds and zai, a local technology to improve water infiltration and efficiency of manure application, was investigated. The analysis is carried out at farm level with a stochastic linear programming model. It includes sequential decision making to cope with rainfall risks. The study shows the important potential of rock bunds and application of zai, and limitations due to labour and manure constraints. The techniques are largely applied on common fields. Changes in labour organization and use of manure have to be introduced before women may profit from these techniques on their individual fields. The results show that the impact on farm-level food security is more limited than is sometimes supposed on the basis of a simple extrapolation of plot-level results.

Reforming the Indian Port Sector

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 73-84
Author(s):  
Afaq Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Regional Development ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Public Private Partnership ◽  
Port Development ◽  
National Integration ◽  
Private Partnership ◽  
Maritime Traffic ◽  
World Markets ◽  
Port Infrastructure ◽  
The Impact

The port sector is a strong driver of economic and regional development and national integration to world markets. In the case of India, the port sector has played a vital role in sustaining growth in the country’s trade and commerce. However, the growth of trade and subsequent maritime traffic has fast outpaced the development of port infrastructure in India. Against the background of government initiatives in this sector, the objective of this article is to contextualize the importance of port sector development, specifically the impact that improvements in infrastructure quality can have on India’s global trade. This article also highlights the challenges that need to be addressed in order to achieve the vision of a reformed and effective Indian port sector, as well as the importance of involving private players in port development in India through public–private partnership (PPP) projects.

scholarly journals Optimum Cropping Pattern for Farmers of Bidar District, Karnataka.

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 4320-4326
Keyword(s):  
Linear Programming ◽  
Programming Model ◽  
Linear Programming Model ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
Optimal Solutions ◽  
Small Farmer ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
The Impact

In the present study optimal solutions were found for net farm returns using Linear Programming model on the sample farmers of Bidar District.The LINGO 17.0 package was used to get the solutions. The sample was of 120 small and large farmers collected from 15 villages from five Tehsils. From each village eight farmers comprising small and large farmers were selected. A total of EIGHT models were developed. They were classified as small farmers S1, S2, S3, S4 and large farmers L1, L2, L3, and L4. The results were compared with existing cropping pattern of small and large farmers. The model S1, small farmers with existing technology and restricted capital registered an increase of in net returns per hectare by 27%, S2 small farmer with existing technology and relaxed capital, returns increased by 34%, S3 small farmer with recommended technology and restricted capital, returns increased by 55%, S4 small farmer with recommended technology and relaxed capital, the returns increased by 65% per hectare. Similarly the net returns per hectare in case of large farmers L1, L2, L3, L4 increased by 47%, 65%, 49%, 76% respectively. The impact of credit on net farm returns in small farmers was Rs: 8322 and the same in large farmers was Rs: 615276. The impact of credit on employment was seen in large farmers in terms of tractor power which rose to 256% followed by man days labour which was increased to 224 percent. It was noted that credit played an important role in augmenting income of farmers; the credit required was directly related to farm size while credit on income inversely related to farm size

scholarly journals Sub-regional linear programming models in land use analysis: a case study of the Neguev settlement, Costa Rica

1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-109
Author(s):  
R.A. Schipper ◽  
D.M. Jansen ◽  
J.J. Stoorvogel
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Linear Programming ◽  
Programming Model ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Sustainable Land Use ◽  
Palm Heart ◽  
Farm Type ◽  
Soil Nutrient Depletion ◽  
Base Scenario ◽  
The Impact

The paper deals with linear programming as a tool for land use analysis at the sub-regional level. A linear programming model of a case study area, the Neguev settlement in the Atlantic zone of Costa Rica, is presented. The matrix of the model includes five submatrices each encompassing a different farm type. The farm types are distinguished on the basis of land-labour ratios, considering farm size and three different soil types, and assuming a fixed availability of household labour. Land use activities are defined as a combination of a land unit (three soil types, with or without forest cover) and land type (cassava, logged forest, maize, palm heart, pasture with cattle, pineapple, plantain and tree plantain). These represent land use systems with fixed input-output coefficients. Two indicators for sustainability are taken into account: soil nutrient depletion and biocide use. These are built into the model via constraints, marking upper limits to the use of renewable resources and to the waste flow into the environment. The linear programming model forms part of the USTED (Uso Sostenible de Tierras En el Desarrollo) methodology for the analysis and planning of sustainable land use. Several land use scenarios are analysed to assess whether the income of all farms in the Neguev can increase through an improved, and sustainable, land use. First, a base scenario is calculated to serve as a reference for assessing the impact of policy measures. A striking feature of the base scenario is the large area with palm heart in comparison to the actual area. Sustainability-related policy measures studied are increasing biocide prices, and quantitative restrictions on biocide use and soil nutrient losses. Doubling the biocide price hardly affects its use, while a quantitative restriction on the use of biocides per ha of 50% in comparison to the base scenario use, reduces average incomes by less than 1%. A similar conclusion applies to soil nutrient depletion. Restricted to 'critical nutrient losses' per year over a ten year period, specified per land unit per farm type, average incomes are reduced by less than 3%. Other scenarios concern the impact of decreasing palm heart prices, as a consequence of increased supply, the influence of increasing wages and the role of the discount rate.

scholarly journals Impact of Roadside Drying on Delivered Costs for Eucalyptus globulus Logging Residue and Whole Trees Supplying a Hypothetical Energy Plant in Western Australia Using a Linear-Programming Model

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 455
Author(s):  
Martin Strandgard ◽  
Mohammad Sadegh Taskhiri ◽  
Mauricio Acuna ◽  
Paul Turner
Keyword(s):  
Linear Programming ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Eucalyptus Globulus ◽  
Programming Model ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Transport Cost ◽  
Spatial Density ◽  
Logging Residue ◽  
The Impact

Australia’s large potential forest bioenergy resource is considerably underutilised, due largely to its high delivered costs. Drying forest biomass at the roadside can potentially reduce its delivered cost through weight reduction and increased net calorific value. There has been little research on the impact of roadside drying for Australian conditions and plantation species. This study compared delivered costs for three forest biomass types—Eucalyptus globulus plantation whole trees and logging residue (LR)-disaggregated (LR conventional) or aggregated (LR fuel-adapted)—and three roadside storage scenarios—no storage, ≤two-month storage and optimal storage—to supply a hypothetical thermal power plant in south-west Western Australia. The study was performed using a tactical linear programming tool (MCPlan). Roadside storage reduced delivered costs, with optimal storage (storage for up to 14 months) producing the lowest costs. Delivered costs were inversely related to forest biomass spatial density due to transport cost reductions. Whole trees, which had the highest spatial density, stored under the optimal storage scenario had the lowest delivered costs (AUD 7.89/MWh) while LR conventional, with the lowest spatial density, had the highest delivered costs when delivered without storage (AUD 15.51/MWh). For both LR types, two-month storage achieved ~60% of the savings from the optimal storage scenario but only 23% of the savings for whole trees. The findings suggested that roadside drying and high forest biomass spatial density are critical to reducing forest biomass delivered costs.

scholarly journals Venice and Overtourism: Simulating Sustainable Development Scenarios through a Tourism Carrying Capacity Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario Bertocchi ◽  
Nicola Camatti ◽  
Silvio Giove ◽  
Jan van der Borg
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Linear Programming ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Programming Model ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Fuzzy Linear Programming ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Linear Programming Model ◽  
Development Scenarios ◽  
The Impact

Overtourism problems, anti-tourist movements and negative externalities of tourism are popular research approaches and are key concepts to better understand the sustainable development of tourism destinations. In many of the overtourism narratives, Venice is considered to be one of the most relevant cases of overtourism and therefore has become a laboratory for studying the different conflicts that emerge when tourism numbers continue to grow and the quality of the tourism flow continues to decline. This article is therefore focusing on Venice and on one of the possible solutions to mitigate the negative impacts of tourism represented by the concept of a tourist carrying capacity (TCC) in an urban destination. The aim of this paper is to discuss alternative methodologies regarding the calculation of the TCC, and to apply a fuzzy instead of a ‘crisp’ linear programming model to determine the scenarios of a sustainable number of tourists in the cultural destination of Venice, looking for the optimal compromise between, on the one hand, the wish of maximizing the monetary gain by the local tourism sectors and, on the other, the desire to control the undesirable effects that tourism exerts on a destination by the local population. To solve the problems related to tourism statistics and data availability, some uncertainty in the parameters has been included using fuzzy numbers. The fuzziness in the model was introduced on the basis of questionnaires distributed among both tourists and residents. By applying the fuzzy linear programming model to the emblematic case of Venice, it was shown that this approach can indeed help destinations to understand the challenges of sustainable tourism development better, to evaluate the impact of alternative policies of overtourism on the sustainability of tourism, and hence, to help design a strategy to manage tourist flows more adequately

scholarly journals Investment Needs and Port Infrastructure Financing

2021 ◽  
pp. 115-119
Author(s):  
L. Sotnychenko ◽  
◽  
A. Sivan ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Current Model ◽  
Public Funding ◽  
Financial Return ◽  
Port Development ◽  
Port Management ◽  
Infrastructure Investments ◽  
Basic Infrastructure ◽  
Port Infrastructure

The article emphasizes that very often the main benefits from port projects come from the wider community and the economy, rather than the port industry itself. This is especially true when ports invest in basic infrastructure to provide opportunities for future growth. In addition, a number of investment requirements have joined the ports' requirements to invest in basic infrastructure, as a result of broader societal imperatives, especially in the areas of environmental and energy policy. Ports, in addition to nodes of transport networks, are also sites for a number of activities that may require certain facilities. Based on this broad definition, it is possible to name different types of port infrastructure. There are twelve types of investment in infrastructure. Investments can relate to the construction of new infrastructure, as well as the modernization or reconstruction of existing infrastructure. In general, investments in maritime access benefit all port users, rather than specific segments and specific terminals in the port. Infrastructure investments are needed by seaports to increase their efficiency, address the growing and changing needs of production and supply chains, and adapt to the requirements of sustainable transport in terms of air quality, climate change and biodiversity. Increasing the size and complexity of the fleet. Growth of processing volumes in ports. Long-term transition to decarbonisation of the economy by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, increasing energy efficiency and absorbing low-emission energy sources. Stricter requirements for environmental performance and absorption of alternative fuels. Pressure to increase the modal distribution of more sustainable modes of transport. Pressure towards urbanization of coastal areas, especially in densely populated areas. Strong digitization of almost all parts of the economy, including manufacturing, logistics and transport. Port management models and responsibility for infrastructure investments. Generalized trends lead to investment needs in port infrastructure. Decisions on these investments are made by various entities. This depends on the current model of port management, which differs significantly from one Member State to another. Investments in viable port infrastructure are those that are expected to be of great value (to the benefit of both consumers and society as a whole) in terms of their costs. However, not all viable investments bring the necessary financial return on investment to make them commercially attractive based on the commercial situation. Ports are strategic assets and are defined as "critical infrastructure"). The geopolitical dimension of port development reinforces the argument for public funding mechanisms, as the lack of such mechanisms will accelerate the participation of foreigners in the development of critical port infrastructure. It is necessary to form a platform with mechanisms for providing final support for port development and certain investments.

A Linear Programming Model for Product Mix Profit Maximization in A Small Medium Enterprise Company

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Mohd Baki ◽  
Jack Kie Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Linear Programming ◽  
Production Planning ◽  
Business Performance ◽  
Programming Model ◽  
Profit Maximization ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Linear Programming Model ◽  
Product Mix ◽  
Small Medium Enterprises ◽  
Medium Enterprises

Production planning is often challenging for small medium enterprises (SMEs) company. Most of the SMEs are having difficulty in determining the optimal level of the production output which can affect their business performance. Product mix optimization is one of the main key for production planning. Many company have used linear programming model in determining the optimal combination of various products that need to be produced in order to maximize profit. Thus, this study aims for profit maximization of a SME company in Malaysia by using linear programming model. The purposes of this study are to identify the current process in the production line and to formulate a linear programming model that would suggest a viable product mix to ensure optimum profitability for the company. ABC Sdn Bhd is selected as a case study company for product mix profit maximization study. Some conclusive observations have been drawn and recommendations have been suggested. This study will provide the company and other companies, particularly in Malaysia, an exposure of linear programming method in making decisions to determine the maximum profit for different product mix.

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