scholarly journals Kajian Toksikologi dan Penanggulangan Senjata Kimia

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
Mariana Raini
Keyword(s):  
Arms Control ◽  
Toxic Chemicals ◽  
Chemical Weapons ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Chemical Weapon ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Injury Death ◽  
Chemical Weapons Convention ◽  
Control Chemical ◽  
And Control

A chemical weapon is defined as a substance that is intended for use in military and non- military operations to kill, seriously injure or otherwise incapacitate people, or to harm or destroy their habitat or economy. Chemical weapons can be made by toxic chemicals reaction. Chemical weapons misused may lead to terror, injury, death and environmental damage The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) is an arms control agreement which outlaws the production, stockpiling and use of chemical weapons. C WC is the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stoclqoiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction. This article describe how to idenlijji chemical weapons, sign and symptom of their toxicity, impact and the chemical weapons convention, in order to handle and control chemical weapons release.

scholarly journals The Kremlin Chemical Cartwheels (From the History of Negotiations on the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons)

2019 ◽  
pp. 174-193
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Toxic Chemicals ◽  
Chemical Weapons ◽  
Chemical Weapon ◽  
Vital Interest ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chemical Cycle ◽  
Peaceful Development ◽  
Heads Of State

The article deals with the Russian use of toxic chemicals in the territory of Great Britain, which became an irrefutable fact of violation of the Convention on the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. An article refers to the history of agreeing on the Convention and its provisions that was carried out in several stages, particularly in the bilateral Soviet- American negotiations, that Ukrainian diplomats joined as well. The author analyzed the long-term and difficult drafting process of the Convention on the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons; investigated the early years of its operation as a significant element of the international security system. He emphasizes that the first years the Convention was functioning clearly indicate that only the political will of the heads of state can choose the direct path of the strict fulfillment of the commitments they have undertaken. Furthermore, the author stresses that Ukraine has never had chemical weapons or related objects, but as an industrialized country it has chemical cycle production, using the dangerous and highly toxic chemicals. Ukraine has a vital interest in the functioning of such a stable international mechanism, that would make the use of these chemicals for the purposes of chemical warfare impossible and would comprehensively promote the peaceful development of the chemical industry. Therefore, in November 2018, during the Fourth Review Conference of Countries that are parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, the Ukrainian delegation condemned Russia’s aggressive actions on the uses of chemical weapons in Great Britain and on the cover those who used this weapon in Syria. The delegation also supported the Conference’s resolutions on the improvement of the mechanism of the identification of the perpetrators of chemical attacks. Keywords: chemical weapon, Committee on Disarmament, history of Ukrainian diplomacy.

scholarly journals International Humanitarian Law and Review of Recurrent Violations Including Chemical Weapons Use

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (s1) ◽  
pp. s32-s32
Author(s):  
Sukhshant Atti ◽  
Bonnie Arquilla
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Medical Personnel ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
Chemical Weapons ◽  
Chemical Weapon ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Chemical Weapons Convention

Introduction:The basis of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) is the Theory of Natural Law, which states that the laws of morality and the ability to use reason in the determination of inalienable human rights, are innate to humans, and cannot be taken away by any states or laws. IHL is an agreement among nation-states that applies to situations of conflict to protect civilians and guides conduct in time of war. IHL extends protection to civilian medical personnel. The recent escalation in chemical weapons use by states has violated IHL and the 1997 Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) treaty, with little repercussion from the international community.Aim:We review the increase in chemical weapons use, international chemical weapon treaty violations, and violations of IHL against medical personnel.Methods:A review was conducted of existing medical and grey literature for sources discussing chemical agents, their history, and violations of laws prohibiting their production, stockpiling, or use. The following publications were reviewed: PubMed, EBSCHost, and Google Scholar.Results:The use of sarin, chlorine, and mustard gas against civilians has been confirmed multiple times in Syria by the United Nations since 2011. Physicians for Human Rights mapped 537 attacks, both violent and chemical, against 348 different medical facilities in Syria from March 2011 to July 2018. Since March 2011, at least 847 civilian medical personnel have reportedly been killed. Many were killed by government forces as part of a war strategy creating further incapacitation. Most recently, Medecins Sans Frontiers concluded its Yemen mission due to repeated attacks, including two in one week in October 2018.Discussion:There must be recognition and emphasis on the health severity of such attacks and the violations of IHL and the CWC. Physicians must use their unique positions for advocacy and call for action in upholding international treaties.

Impact of scientific developments on the Chemical Weapons Convention (IUPAC Technical Report)

2002 ◽  
Vol 74 (12) ◽  
pp. 2323-2352 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Parshall ◽  
G. S. Pearson ◽  
T. D. Inch ◽  
Edwin D. Becker
Keyword(s):  
Organic Synthesis ◽  
Toxic Chemicals ◽  
Chemical Weapons ◽  
Plant Design ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Chemical Weapons Convention ◽  
Technical Report ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
New Challenges

This document was prepared as a report from IUPAC to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) to provide an evaluation of scientific and technological advances in the chemical sciences relevant to the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). The report is intended to assist OPCW and its Member States in preparation for the First Review Conference to be held on 28 April 2003. The CWC, now ratified by 145 nations and in effect since 1997, totally prohibits the production, storage, or use of toxic chemicals as weapons of war. This report is based on an IUPAC Workshop held in Bergen**, Norway, 30 June to 3 July 2002. The report highlights developments in organic synthesis and changes in chemical plant design that will pose new challenges to the Convention, but it also describes recent and probable future developments in analytical chemistry that should assist in implementation of the Convention. The key issues identified at the Workshop are listed, and the findings and observations are summarized in 18 points.

scholarly journals Trends in processing and manufacturing that will affect implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention

2002 ◽  
Vol 74 (12) ◽  
pp. 2259-2263 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Parshall
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput Screening ◽  
Computer Control ◽  
Toxic Chemicals ◽  
Chemical Weapons ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Chemical Production ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Chemical Weapons Convention ◽  
Toxic Agents ◽  
Production Facilities

Several new developments in synthesis science and manufacturing technology may affect the task of implementing the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) constraints on the production of toxic agents for military or terrorist purposes. The combination of automated synthesis methods and high-throughput screening protocols could potentially yield new toxic agents not specifically proscribed by the CWC, but such approaches are unlikely to seriously impact the work of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) in the near future. On the other hand, new developments in manufacturing may have a serious impact on the work of the OPCW inspectors. The wide use of versatile, multipurpose production facilities in making fine chemicals complicates the task of discerning whether a particular facility is used only for nonprohibited purposes under the CWC. New catalytic processes and automated process control permit production of toxic chemicals with fewer emissions that contaminate the environment and might provide clues to the nature of the processes being conducted. Tiny microreactors operated continuously under computer control can produce significant quantities of toxic chemicals (including CWC scheduled compounds) with a very small “footprint”within a larger production facility. These technical developments together with the dispersal of chemical production facilities and skills may seriously complicate the tasks of the OPCW inspectors.

THE USE OF WHITE PHOSPHORUS AND THE LAW OF WAR

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 75-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.J. MacLeod ◽  
A.P.V. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
White Phosphorus ◽  
Chemical Weapons ◽  
Chemical Weapon ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Customary International Law ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
Chemical Weapons Convention ◽  
Open Ground ◽  
The Law

AbstractThe controversy surrounding recent uses of white phosphorus (WP) to ‘flush-out’ suspected insurgents or in attacks against military targets in open ground has led to a renewed media interest in the legal status of WP-based munitions. An inherent public dislike for weapons that cause death or injury by fire is very natural, so one is entitled to ask whether humanity should not prevail when it comes to anti-personnel uses of such weapons. In the absence of a specific treaty dealing with the use of WP, this article, written jointly by a retired military lawyer and a scientist interested in the law, examines the use of such weapons in practice as well as the relevant legal and scientific background before attempting to reach conclusions about their legality. This involves a consideration of the reasons for the development of WP-based munitions, of their usual military uses and of some unconventional uses of such weapons. There follows an examination of the basic principles of customary international law as well as the treaty provisions dealing with incendiary weapons. Furthermore, because of the various harmful physiological interactions of WP, it was necessary to look closely at the legal provisions on poison, gas and chemical weapons. That demanded an interpretation of multiple aspects of the Chemical Weapons Convention before the legal status of WP could be fully determined. The convention is constructed in such a way that what at first sight appears to be a chemical weapon may not be as a matter of law unless it is consciously applied in a prohibited manner.

RISK FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INITIAL MANIFESTATIONS OF ATHEROGENIC CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES IN PERSONNEL OF CHEMICALLY HAZARDOUS FACILITIES

2017 ◽  
pp. 2-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. A. Gorichny ◽  
D. Yu. Serdukov ◽  
A. V. Yazenok ◽  
A. V. Nosov ◽  
G. G. Zagorodnikov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Organophosphorus Compounds ◽  
Atherogenic Dyslipidemia ◽  
Chemical Weapons ◽  
Analysis Methods ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
And Control ◽  
Statistical Analysis Methods

An outpatient examination of 530 employees engaged in work with chemical weapons related to organophosphorus compounds at chemically hazardous facilities was carried out. Risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases of atherogenic etiology among personnel of the facilities were studied in relation to the type of work performed using statistical analysis methods. When assessing the lipidogram, a high incidence of atherogenic dyslipidemia in a group of personnel involved in the storage of chemical weapons was found out in comparison with a group of people engaged in the destruction and control of chemical weapons (73.1 vs 61.2 vs 59.6%, p

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