EEG based Drowsiness Prediction Using Machine Learning Approach

Drowsiness is the main cause of road accidents and it leads to severe physical injury, death, and significant economic losses. To monitor driver drowsiness various methods like Behaviour measures, Vehicle measures, Physiological measures and Hybrid measures have been used in previous research. This paper mainly focuses on physiological methods to predict the driver’s drowsiness. Several physiological methods are used to predict drowsiness. Among those methods, Electroencephalography is one of the non-invasive physiological methods to measure the brain activity of the subject. EEG brain signal extracted from the human scalp is analysed with various features and used for various health application like predicting drowsiness, fatigue etc. The main objective of the proposed system is to early predict the driver drowsiness with high accuracy so that we have divided our work into two steps. The first step is to collect the publicly available dataset of EEG based Eye state as (Eye open and Eye closed) where the signal acquisition process was done from Emotiv EEG Neuroheadset (14 electrodes) and analysed various feature engineering techniques and statistical techniques. The second step was applied with the machine learning classification model as K-NN and performance-based predicting models are used. In the Existing System, they used various machine learning classification models like K-NN and SVM for EEG Eye state classification and produced results around 80% -97%. Compared to the Existing system our proposed method produced better classification models for predicting driver drowsiness using different Feature engineering process and classification models as K-NN produced 98% of accuracy.

Multiple comparisons of precipitation variations in different areas using simultaneous confidence intervals for all possible ratios of variances of several zero-inflated lognormal models

Flash flooding and landslides regularly cause injury, death, and homelessness in Thailand. An advancedwarning system is necessary for predicting natural disasters, and analyzing the variability of daily precipitation might be usable in this regard. Moreover, analyzing the differences in precipitation data among multiple weather stations could be used to predict variations in meteorological conditions throughout the country. Since precipitation data in Thailand follow a zero-inflated lognormal (ZILN) distribution, multiple comparisons of precipitation variation in different areas can be addressed by using simultaneous confidence intervals (SCIs) for all possible pairwise ratios of variances of several ZILN models. Herein, we formulate SCIs using Bayesian, generalized pivotal quantity (GPQ), and parametric bootstrap (PB) approaches. The results of a simulation study provide insight into the performances of the SCIs. Those based on PB and the Bayesian approach via probability matching with the beta prior performed well in situations with a large amount of zero-inflated data with a large variance. Besides, the Bayesian based on the reference-beta prior and GPQ SCIs can be considered as alternative approaches for small-to-large and medium-to-large sample sizes from large population, respectively. These approaches were applied to estimate the precipitation variability among weather stations in lower southern Thailand to illustrate their efficacies.

Personality Dimensions of Serbian Lifeguards

According to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) global drowning report (2017), drowning is the third leading cause of unintentional injury death worldwide. Drowning can occur anywhere there is water: oceans, seas, lakes, pools, bathtubs, rivers or water collection on the side of the road, etc. In many countries, there are drowning prevention programs for children and adults. The two most commonly used strategiesagainst drowning are the presence of lifeguards in public places and the use of protected areas that could prevent most of the drownings. The main aim of the present study is to examine the individual differences in a Big Five plus Two (BF+2) personality traits in lifeguards and non-lifeguards (including students). The subsample of lifeguards represented 122 male respondents who were, at the time of the survey, licensed as lifeguards (60.9%) or were in training for lifeguards—candidates (39.1%). The subsample of students represented 138 male respondents who were studying at the University of Novi Sad. The results indicate that lifeguards in comparison to students are more extraverted, open to experience, and conscientious, less neurotic, and aggressive. Both positive and negative valence are higher in student subsample. All of the above traits are desirable traits for people working as lifeguards.

Mitochondrial ribosomal stress in lung diseases

Mitochondria are involved in a variety of critical cellular functions, and their impairment drives cell injury. The mitochondrial ribosome (mitoribosome) is responsible for the protein synthesis of mitochondrial DNA encoded genes. These proteins are involved in oxidative phosphorylation, respiration, and ATP production required in the cell. Mitoribosome components originate from both mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. Their dysfunction can be caused by impaired mitochondrial protein synthesis or mitoribosome misassembly, leading to a decline in mitochondrial translation. This decrease can trigger mitochondrial ribosomal stress and contribute to pulmonary cell injury, death, and diseases. This review focuses on the contribution of the impaired mitoribosome structural components and function to respiratory disease pathophysiology. We present recent findings in the fields of lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, interstitial lung disease, and asthma. We also include reports on the mitoribosome dysfunction in pulmonary hypertension, high altitude pulmonary edema, bacterial and viral infections. Studies of the mitoribosome alterations in respiratory diseases can lead to novel therapeutic targets.

Missing cases of injury death: use of quantitative methods and case reviews to inform future improvements in case definition

BackgroundKnowledge of fatal injuries is required to inform prevention activities. Where hospital patients with an injury principal diagnosis (PDx) died and were certified to a medical underlying cause of death (UCoD), there is the potential to underestimate injury mortality. We sought to characterise injury/non-injury (NI) mismatches between PDx and UCoD by identifying which subgroups had small/large mismatches, and to understand why mismatches had occurred using informative examples.MethodHospital records (n=10 234) with a PDx of injury were linked to the mortality collection using a unique personal identifier. Percentages UCoD coded to a NI were tabulated, for three follow-up periods and by selected variables. Additionally, we reviewed a sample of 70 records for which there was a mismatch.Results%NIs were 39%, 66% and 77% for time from injury to death of <1 week, <90 days and <1 year, respectively. Variations in %NI were found for all variables. Illustrative examples of 70 medical UCoD deaths showed that for 12 cases the injury event was unequivocally judged to have resulted in premature death. A further 16 were judged as injury deaths using balance of probability arguments.ConclusionThere is variation in rates of mismatch between PDx of injury and UCoD of NI. While legitimate reasons exist for mismatches in certain groups, a material number of injury deaths are not captured using UCoD alone; a new operational definition of injury death is needed. Early solutions are proposed. Further work is needed to investigate operational definitions with acceptable false positive and negative detection rates.

Epidemiology of Childhood Burn: A 5-Year Retrospective Study in the Referral Burn Center of Northern Iran Northern Iran

Background: Burns are the second most common etiology of injury death in children under 5 years old and are the most common cause of death in a home accident. Materials & Methods: This study was performed to investigate the epidemiology of childhood burn in children under 16 years old referred to Velayat Burn Center, Rasht City, Iran, from 2013 to 2018. Data were collected from electronic hospital records of burn patients aged under 16 years of age. Results: Out of 717 patients, 44.5% were girls, and 55.5% were boys (sex ratio=1.2). The highest frequency of burns (56.1%) was reported in the 1-5 years age group. The most common cause of burn was scalds (76%), and the most common burn severity was second-degree burns (46.7%). The Mean±SD duration of hospitalization was 3.07±4.15 days, and the hospital stay was significantly associated with the cause of the burn, Burned Body Surface Area (BBSA), and burn severity. The highest frequency was reported on Saturdays, i.e., (the first working day in Iran) (22.7%), between 6 and 12 o’clock (42.8%). Conclusion: This study found that children in 1-5 years old were the most susceptible age group for burn injuries and scalds were the most common cause of the burn. The male to female ratio was 1.2, and the majority of burns occurred in the winter.

4. Pure economic loss and negligent misstatement

This chapter discusses the law on pure economic loss, which is loss that is not derived from physical injury, death, or property damage. It may be consequential, that is resulting from the acquisition of a defective product or property. More commonly, the issue arises due to a negligent misstatement, or provision of professional services. This is an area of commercial and professional importance where there has been a trend towards expansion in the area of negligent misstatement. The two key cases in this area are Murphy v Brentwood District Council and Hedley Byrne v Heller.

miR-3113-5p, miR-223-3p, miR-133a-3p, and miR-499a-5p are sensitive biomarkers to diagnose sudden cardiac death

Background Sudden cardiac death (SCD) remains a great health threat and diagnostic challenge, especially those cases without positive autopsy findings. Molecular biomarkers have been urgently needed for the diagnosis of SCD displaying negative autopsy results. Due to their nature of stability, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as promising diagnostic biomarkers for cardiovascular diseases. Methods This study investigated whether specific cardio-miRNAs (miR-3113-5p, miR-223-3p, miR-499a-5p, and miR-133a-3p) could serve as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of SCD. Thirty-four SCD cases were selected, 18 categorized as SCD with negative autopsy (SCD-negative autopsy) findings and 16 as SCD with positive autopsy (SCD-positive autopsy) findings such as coronary atherosclerosis and gross myocardial scar. Carbon monoxide (CO) intoxication (n = 14) and fatal injury death (n = 14) that displayed no pathological changes of myocardium were selected as control group, respectively. Histological analyses were performed to reveal the pathological changes and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to determine the expression of those miRNAs. Results It showed that heart samples from the SCD-negative autopsy group displayed no remarkable difference with regard to the expression of cleaved-caspase3, CD31, and CD68 and the extent of fibrotic tissue accumulation when compared with control samples. The four cardio-miRNAs were significantly up-regulated in the SCD samples as compared with control. When discriminating SCD from controls, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed that the areas under the curve (AUC) of these 4 miRNAs were from 0.7839 to 0.9043 with sensitivity of 64.71–97.06% and specificity of 70–100%. Moreover, when discriminating the specific causes of SCD, the four miRNA expressions increased in the heart from the SCD-negative autopsy group as relative to that from the SCD-positive autopsy group, and a combination of two miRNAs presented higher diagnostic value (AUC = 0.7407–0.8667). Conclusion miR-3113-5p, miR-223-3p, miR-499a-5p, and miR-133a-3p may serve as independent diagnostic biomarkers for SCD, and a combination of two of these miRNAs could further discriminate detailed causes of SCD.

Differences between Young Children’s Actual, Self-perceived and Parent-perceived Aquatic Skills

As drowning is a leading cause of unintentional injury/death in children worldwide, perceptions of their actual aquatic skills are of critical importance. Children’s self-perceptions may influence the risks they take, and parental perceptions may influence the degree of supervision deemed to be necessary for children in and around water. Accordingly, we examined the differences between young children’s actual, self-perceived and parent-perceived aquatic skills. Using a three-way repeated measures ANCOVA, we analyzed data from 134 child-parent dyads (56.0% boys; M age = 7.1, SD = 1.1 years; and 71.6% mothers). We measured self and parental perceptions of the child’s aquatic skills with the ‘Pictorial Scale of Perceived Water Competence’ (PSPWC), and we applied the exact same 17 test items of the PSPWC to assess the child’s actual aquatic skill level in the water. Controlling for years of swimming school experience, within-subject differences between the total scores on the ‘Actual Aquatic Skills Test’ (AAST) and both the child- and parent-completed PSPWC indicated lower than actual estimates of the children’s aquatic skill level. The degree of disagreement against the AAST was more pronounced in parents than in 6-7 year-old children but was similar between parents and 8-9 year-old children, with these patterns being evident regardless of the children’s sex. Our study contributes to an ongoing validation of the PSPWC and represents a key advance in assessing and comparing children’s actual and perceived aquatic skill competence, using perfectly aligned instruments. Future research and practice might explore children’s actual aquatic skills in different contexts (e.g., open water), include perspectives of non-parent caregivers and assess perceived and actual water competence across development.

Le journalisme de guerre et les risques intégrés lors des opérations militaires en Afghanistan

FR. Dans cet article, l’auteur se penche sur les dangers et les risques liés à la pratique du journalisme intégré dans les opérations militaires. Il s’agit d’analyser les risques particuliers dans le contexte du journalisme en temps de conflit armé. Comme plusieurs autres armées occidentales à la suite de la guerre en Irak, les forces canadiennes ont mis en place un programme d’intégration des médias (embedding) durant leur mission militaire en Afghanistan. L’article repose sur un corpus d’entrevues semi-structurées principalement avec des journalistes accrédités, des commandants de terrain et des officiers d’affaires publiques qui ont été déployés dans différentes rotations en Afghanistan et de documents primaires et secondaires qui traitent de la couverture médiatique de la guerre entre 2002 et 2011. Sont définis les risques intégrés qui sont des risques conjoncturels dans le sens où ils sont liés aux conditions particulières de la belligérance. L’analyse révèle une typologie des risques intégrés en trois catégories : les risques stationnaires qui sont encourus par les journalistes dans une situation statique dans les camps militaires, les risques opérationnels qui sont liés à des situations tactiques lors des sorties opérationnelles et les risques psychologiques qui créent un environnement de stress et affectent la santé mentale des journalistes intégrés. Durant la guerre en Afghanistan, les situations de reportage en combat direct étaient limitées alors que les tactiques de la guérilla talibane ont mené à une multiplication d’incidents causés par les engins explosifs improvisés. Ces attaques ont eu des effets directs sur la santé physique des journalistes intégrés. Les risques intégrés sont à la fois physiques et directs (fatigue, blessures, mort, bris matériels) mais aussi psychologiques avec des effets directs et indirects (peur, stress opérationnel, syndrome du stress post-traumatique). Les risques intégrés sont médiés à travers les échanges réguliers des acteurs avant et pendant l’intégration et sont gérés à travers différentes stratégies d’atténuation par les militaires et les rédactions des médias. *** EN. This study examines the dangers and risks journalists embedded in militaty operations face, especially during armed conflict. Like those of numerous other Western countries following the Iraq war, Canadian armed forces implemented a media embedding program during their military mission in Afghanistan. This paper is based on a corpus of semi-structured interviews of accredited journalists, field commanders and public affairs officers who were deployed on multiple tours in Afghanistan, and primary and secondary documents addressing media coverage of the war between 2002 and 2011. Embedding dangers are defined as contextual in the sense that they are linked specifically to wartime. This analysis identifies three categories of embedding dangers: the stationary risks journalists incur in static situations in military camps; the operational risks that are linked to tactical situations during sorties; and the psychological risks that result from the stressful environment and affect the mental health of embedded journalists. Though live combat reporting was limited during the Afghanistan war, Taliban guerrilla tactics resulted in an increased number of improvised explosive device incidents behind front lines. These attacks had a direct effect on the health of embedded journalists, both physical and direct (fatigue, injury, death, equipment damage), and psychological (fear, operational stress, PTSD). Embedding risks are mediated through actors’ regular interactions before and during operations and managed through mitigation strategies by the military and media editorial staff. *** PT. Neste artigo, o autor examina os perigos e riscos associados à prática do jornalismo inerente às operações militares. Trata-se de analisar os riscos particulares no contexto do jornalismo em tempos de conflito armado. Como muitos outros exércitos ocidentais após a guerra do Iraque, as forças canadenses implementaram um programa de incorporação de mídia (embedding) durante sua missão militar no Afeganistão. O artigo é baseado em um corpus de entrevistas semiestruturadas principalmente com jornalistas credenciados, comandantes de campo e oficiais de relações públicas que foram destacados em diferentes rotações no Afeganistão e em documentos primários e secundários que abordam a cobertura da guerra pela mídia entre 2002 e 2011. Riscos integrados são definidos como riscos cíclicos no sentido de que estão ligados às condições específicas de beligerância. A análise revela uma tipologia de riscos integrada em três categorias: os riscos estacionários que são incorridos por jornalistas em situação estática em campos militares, os riscos operacionais que estão ligados a situações táticas durante excursões operacionais e os riscos psicológicos que criam um ambiente estressante e afetam a saúde mental de jornalistas incorporados. Durante a guerra no Afeganistão, as situações de relatórios de combate direto foram limitadas, já que as táticas de guerrilha do Talibã levaram a um aumento de incidentes causados por dispositivos explosivos improvisados. Esses ataques tiveram efeitos diretos na saúde física dos jornalistas incorporados. Os riscos inerentes são físicos e diretos (fadiga, lesões, morte, avarias materiais), mas também psicológicos com efeitos diretos e indiretos (medo, estresse operacional, síndrome de estresse pós-traumático). Os riscos inerentes são mediados por meio de interações regulares com as partes interessadas antes e durante a integração e são gerenciados por meio de várias estratégias de mitigação pelos militares e pelas redações midiáticas. ***