scholarly journals O ESTATUTO DA MORFOLOGIA NOS ESTUDOS GRAMATICAIS

Organon ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (36) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eunice Nicolau ◽  
Seung Hwa Lee
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Internal Structures ◽  
The Status ◽  
Autonomous Component ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
To Receive

The linguistic studies in Ancient Greek and Roman traditions were concerned about themeaning and gave priority to elaborate the theory of “Parts of Speech” –morphology was the principalconcerns of linguistic studies until the 18th century. In the 19th century, the phonological facts (soundchange) began to receive attentions in linguistic studies. In the beginning of Generative Grammar,there was no autonomous component for the lexicon, which was conceived simply as a list of lexicalformatives, but in later theories it is considered as a component of complex internal structures. Inthis perspective, word formation processes (derivation, inflection, compounding, etc.) have motivateddifferent hypotheses: Transformational Hypothesis, Weak Lexicalist Hypothesis and Strong LexicalistHypothesis. The objective of this study is to show the status of morphology in linguistic traditionsand its status in linguistic studies.

Martin Luther in Sweden

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Axel Aurelius
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Thought Patterns ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Christian Thought ◽  
To Come ◽  
Swedish History ◽  
The 19Th Century

In the Swedish history of Christian thought there are various interpretations of the Reformation and of Martin Luther and his work. In the 17th century, Luther predominately stood out as an instrument of God’s providence. In the 18th century, among the pietists, he was regarded as a fellow believer, in the 19th century as a hero of history, and in the 20th century during the Swedish so-called Luther Renaissance as a prophet and an interpreter of the Gospel. This does not necessarily mean that the interpretations of Luther merely reflect the various thought patterns of different epochs, that whatever is said about Luther is inevitably captured by the spirit of the time. The serious study of Luther’s writings could also lead to contradictions with common thought patterns and presuppositions. One could say that Luther’s writings have worked as “classics,” not merely confirming the status quo but also generating new patterns of thought and deed, making him something rather different than just a name, a symbol, or a flag, which sometimes have been assumed. And one can only hope that his writings will continue to work in the same way in years to come. Anyway the reception of the Lutheran heritage in Sweden is well worth studying since it in some ways differs from the reception in other Evangelic countries.

scholarly journals Daži agrāk aktuāli akadēmiskās dzīves aspekti: venia legendi un privātdocenta statuss pasaulē un Rīgas Politehnikumā (1862–1896)

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 9-29
Author(s):  
Māris Baltiņš
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The Status ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Pētījumā aplūkots privātdocenta statuss, kas pasaulē tika ieviests 18. gadsimtā un, sākot no 19. gadsimta otrās puses līdz Otrā pasaules kara beigām, pastāvēja arī Latvijā. Privātdocenta statuss salīdzināts ar citu pasaules valstu, galvenokārt vācu tipa universitātēm. Jēdzienu «venia legendi» un «privātdocents» skaidrojumi ar piemēriem no Rīgas Politehnikuma (RP) mācībspēku darbības atspoguļo šos jēdzienus no dažādiem aspektiem, lai 21. gadsimtā būtu saprotams to lietojums iepriekšējos gadsimtos. Autors pētījumam izmantojis arhīvu dokumentus un bibliotēku krājumus, balstoties ne tikai Latvijas, bet arī Krievijas, Vācijas un citu valstu zinātnieku atziņās. The study examines the status of a private docent, the academic position which was introduced across the world in the 18th century and which also existed in Latvia from the second half of the 19th century until the end of World War II. The status of the private docent as it used to be understood in Latvia is compared with other countries, mainly considering German-type universities. Definition of the terms «venia legendi» and «private docent» providing examples of academic activity of the lecturers of Riga Polytechnicum (RP) allow considering these concepts from various perspectives in order to make their meaning and usage in the previous centuries transparent for the users in the 21st century. Conducting the present research, the author has used archival documents and library collections, the theoretical framework includes the findings of not only the Latvian scientists, but also researchers from Russia, Germany and other countries.

Classics and Opera

Classics ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Ketterer ◽  
Jon Solomon
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Hector Berlioz ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Habsburg Court ◽  
Poetic Drama ◽  
Late Renaissance ◽  
The 19Th Century

The more than four hundred years of the operatic genre have produced thousands of works involving Greco-Roman plots, characters, and themes. The musical drama labeled with the imprecise term “opera” maintained an intimate relationship with the classical tradition since its inception. Late Renaissance Italian scholars and artists who created the first operas (drammi per musica) studied and imitated ancient Greek music theory and practice, mistakenly thinking that ancient poetic drama had been sung in its entirety. The result was a wholly new dramatic form. The plots of these earliest productions for the courts of north Italy (Daphne, Euridice, Orpheus, Ariadne) derived from ancient mythological literature, as did most of the lavish French lyric “tragedy” at Versailles such as Phaeton, Perseus, or Theseus. As opera developed and spread throughout Europe, it also incorporated plots and characters from ancient Greek and Roman history and epic. The Habsburg court in Vienna produced titles like The Elements of Epicurus, and The Clemency of Titus, while the commercial productions in Venice for carnival premiered Jason and Agrippina. The tension between box-office appeal of musical spectacle and a desire for effective drama on the Greek model generated an Italian operatic reform around 1700 and the resulting librettos of Metastasio on subjects like Cato in Utica, Dido Abandoned or Artaxerxes defined serious opera for two generations. The second half of the 18th century saw another reform with Gluck’s settings of Euripidean tragedies (Alcestis, Iphigenia in Aulis, Iphigenia in Tauris), and with Cherubini’s Medea, all of which remain in the modern repertoire. In the 19th century, Hector Berlioz adapted Virgil’s epic Aeneid for his Les Troyens (The Trojans), Richard Wagner infused the tragic dramaturgy of Aeschylus in his Ring tetralogy, and the setting for Giuseppe Verdi’s Aida was derived from Greco-Egyptian literary, historical, and archaeological sources. The 20th century saw the von Hofmannsthal/Strauss Elektra, Stravinsky’s Oedipus Rex (in Latin), Carl Orff’s Prometheus (in ancient Greek), William Walton‘s Troilus and Cressida, and more than a half dozen operas based on the story of Medea. The new millennium has begun with ambitious stagings of Aeschylus’s Eumenides for the 2004 Athens Olympics and Europa Riconosciuta (Europa Identified) for the reopening of Teatro alla Scala.

“The Fatherland is not in Geography...”: on the Issue of the Evolution of Traditional Spiritual and Political Values of Russian Civilization*

2021 ◽  
Vol 35.5 ◽  
pp. 263-283
Author(s):  
Sergey V. Perevezentsev ◽  
Olga E. Puchnina ◽  
Alexander B. Strakhov ◽  
Adelina A. Shakirova
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual History ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Political Identity ◽  
Political Values ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Social ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
Russian Intellectual History ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article is devoted to the study of Russian traditional basic values. On the basis of the traditionalist-conservative approach, the authors investigate the origin and substantial evolution of the concept of “fatherland” in the public consciousness of the Russian people. The study of a large number of various sources on Russian intellectual history allows to conclude that the concept of “fatherland” began to appear in chronicles, literary and spiritual-political monuments relatively early – already from the 10th century, but then it had the meaning of “hereditary property”, “ancestral possession”. Meanwhile, already in the 12th–17th centuries, the use of the concept «fatherland» in the meaning of “homeland”, “native land” were found sometimes, and since the 18th century the notion “Fatherland” was finally entrenched with the value content of patriotic love and service for the benefit of one's native country. In the 19th century in Russia, the notion of “love for the Fatherland” received a variety of interpretations, enriched with new meanings and contexts, but retained its significance as one of the most important social values and civic virtues. The authors of the article conclude that despite the cardinal transformations of the social, economic and political structure of Russia in the beginning of the 20th century, the concept of “Fatherland” as a value has retained its basic significance for Russian civilization, since it is a fundamental spiritual and political ideal and is directly related to the formation of political identity.

scholarly journals How Style Became Famous and Irrelevant at the Same Time

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-230
Author(s):  
Nataša Lah
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Theoretical Issue ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
19Th Century Art

The article is concerned with the theoretical issue of the status of style in visual arts, aiming to demonstrate that – within art history – stylistics acquired its disciplinary autonomy in the late 18th century when, J. J. Winckelmann was the first to detach stylistics from rhetoric, thus expanding the field of stylistic competence to the history of art. It was also the time when, under the influence of early Romanticism, the entirely opposite tendencies originated, those of the emphasized individuation of art. Therefore, parallel to the birth of theoretical notion of “the styles of the eras”, romanticists not only paved the way for Modernism, but also thwarted the application of a newly risen stylistic methodology concerned with the cultural codification of style. The disagreement between the “classicists”, and “romanticists”, eventually culminated in the schism of the Paris Salon and the emergence of a wide range of new trends, heterogeneous conceptions and avant-garde movement, all in a very short space of time. The concept of “the style of epoch” has been staggered by the challenges of the 20th century. The function of culture within the stylistic characteristics of the 19th century art production was appropriated by artists, whose artwork acquired total objectual autonomy. The cultural and stylistic codification of of historical periods conceived in the 18th century could no longer be applied to the heterogeneous art produced during the Modernist era. By affirming the obviousness of the visual, Modernism eluded all the semantic, functional, utilitarian, narrative and symbolic burdens of earlier periods. This article endeavours to show how, subsequent to the epoch of Modernism, style can be discussed exclusively at a level of the apparent expressed features of an artwork. Codification which follows the principle of temporal “anchoring” in the cultural context of the Modernits era of Modernism remains both risky and ineffective stylistic strategy.  

Electrical earthquakes: A short-lived theory in the 18th century

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Paul Poirier
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Electrical Discharges ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century

As soon as it was shown that thunderstorms were due to electricity, it became obvious for many physicists that earthquakes, which, as Pliny said, were subterranean thunderstorms, must be electrical phenomena. Despite some opposition, the ‘system of electricity’ became the fashionable theory of earthquakes, in the second half of the 18th century. Its proponents insisted on the idea that only electrical discharges could explain that earthquake shocks propagated instantaneously over large distances. A majority of the Italian philosophers attributed the disastrous 1783 Calabrian earthquake to electricity. When electrostatic machines and Leiden jars gave way to Voltaic piles, in the beginning of the 19th century, the ‘system of electricity’ rapidly disappeared.

scholarly journals Museum of Classical Archeology of the 19th-century Imperial Academy of Sciences: The history of organizing and transferring collections to the Imperial Hermitage

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-27
Author(s):  
Margarita F. Khartanovich ◽  
◽  
Maria V. Khartanovich ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
Precious Metals ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Classical Archaeology ◽  
Archaeological Collections ◽  
Imperial Academy ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The 19Th Century

The Museum of Classical Archeology of the Imperial Academy of Sciences is the successor to the 18th-century Kunstkamera of the Academy of Sciences in term of collections of classical antiquities. This article discusses in detail the stages of development of the Museum of Classical Archaeology as an institution within the structure of the Academy of Sciences through the Cabinet of Medals and Rarities, Numismatic Museum, and the Museum of Classical Archaeology. The fund of the museum consisted of ancient Greek and Roman coins, ancient Russian coins, coins from oriental cultures, ancient Greek vases, antiquities from ornamental stone, glass, precious metals, impressions of medals and coins, items from archaeological excavations and treasures, manuscripts, drawings of objects and photographs. Special attention is paid to the correlation of the possibilities of museum collections of the Academy of Sciences and the Imperial Hermitage in terms of storage, exhibition, research, and promotion of archaeological collections in the second half of the 19th century. The reasons for the very active transfer of the Academy of Sciences’ archaeological collections to the Hermitage in the 19th century and the types of compensation received by the Academy for the collections are discussed. The first archaeological collections donated from the Academy of Sciences to the Hermitage on the initiative of the chairman of the Imperial Archaeological Commission S. G. Stroganov were the “Siberian collection” of Peter I and the Melgunov treasure. The collection of the Museum of Classical Archeology also attracted the attention of art critic I. V. Tsvetaev when arranging funds for the new Museum of Fine Arts at Moscow University. The article introduces into scientific circulation archival documents, showing the state of the museum work in the 19th century in the institution of the Academy of Sciences, documents depicting the structure of the Museum of Classical Archaeology, and the composition of collections.

scholarly journals Revivalist movements and religious contracultures in Finland

1975 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 92-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juha Pentikäinen
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Religious Movements ◽  
Lutheran Church ◽  
Additional Support ◽  
Evangelical Lutheran Church ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Second World

The religious behavior of the Finns has usually been characterised as an extremely static phenomenon which is further colored by a strong ecclesiastical tradition. This may be seen in that over 92 % of the Finnish population belongs to the Evangelical-Lutheran Church and that the largest religious movements function within this church. This conception seems to receive additional support by the fact that, with the exception of the most recent neo-pietism (uuspietismi) organised during the period of the second world war, the main revivalist movements functioning within the church are more than a century old: Knee-praying (rukoilevaisuus) from the 18th century, Revivalism (herännäisyys) from the transitional period between the 18th and 19th century, Lestadianism (lestadiolaisuus) and Evangialism (evankelisuus) from the middle of the 19th century.

scholarly journals Bodies in Late Romanticism: Two Perspectives

Perichoresis ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-71
Author(s):  
Ramona Simuţ
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Henry David Thoreau ◽  
Physical Nature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Man And Nature ◽  
The Common ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Necessary Connections

AbstractOne of the major themes of discussion in the art and especially the literature of the 18th and 19th centuries was the body rather than the soul. In the beginning this seemed to be the case mostly because of the natural processes related to the transforming events of maturation and death of the human body and mind. However, towards the end of the 18th century and well into the 19th century, a certain shift took place from the common perspective on the body to a rather scientific literary approach. Our attempt is to notice and make the necessary connections between the concepts of nature (both human and external/physical nature) and the innovative technologies implemented in the then society, with a later reference to the new accidental and commercial facets of death felt as destruction of nature especially in the work of the American Romantic writers Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. Being aware that they are highly spoken of in view of their transcendentalism as a particular philosophy dealing with the bond between man and nature, we will slowly come to terms with this type of concerns and connect them to the conflicting reality of industrialization as a sudden and repressive phenomenon within the society of men. Finally our point is that this very phenomenon caused the two writers to make a historical detour and use their formation as naturalist thinkers in order to make sense of their century’s deaths and diseases. This is to say that even from a Romantic perspective, the concern for the body is surprisingly concrete, while these writers’ transcendentalist concerns for the soul are prolix though without substance.

The Language of Chemistry in the Romance Languages

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilio Garriga Escribano
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Scientific Language ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Systematic Nomenclature ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Language Of Chemistry

The language of chemistry has seldom been the object of study by linguists, who tend to prioritize literary works. Nevertheless, in recent years its study has developed, at a different pace for each of the Romance languages. It is therefore important to describe the current state of research separately for French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, and Catalan. The work of historians of science, who have always dedicated particular attention to the language of chemistry, is particularly pertinent to this purpose. Toward the end of the 18th century, French chemists spearheaded a terminological revolution: traditional terms used in alchemy were replaced by a well-structured, systematic nomenclature that was quickly adopted by the scientific community, mainly through the translation of French chemical texts, many of which were pedagogical in nature. It is important to trace the dissemination process of new chemical nomenclature in each country and in each language, since it was not uniform. This new nomenclature is firmly based on the classical languages, particularly Greek, and it adopts a broad range of suffixes and prefixes for systematization. During the 19th century, this system steadily consolidates as the field of chemistry develops, until a standardized international nomenclature is established. From a lexicographical standpoint, the treatment of chemical terms in both general and specialized dictionaries deserves attention. Traditional lexicography has mistakenly classified many chemical terms as Hellenisms, while from the early 21st century onward they have been recognized as Gallicisms thanks to research carried out by historians of scientific language. Finally, the procedures the Romance languages follow to coin chemical terms—both to name elements and chemicals and to express chemical combinations by means of word formation processes—must be taken into account.

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