scholarly journals Chimpanzees balance resources and risk in a human-influenced landscape of fear

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Bersacola ◽  
Catherine Hill ◽  
Kimberley Hockings
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Foraging ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Foraging Strategies ◽  
Large Carnivores ◽  
Pan Troglodytes Verus ◽  
Landscape Of Fear ◽  
Ecological Requirements ◽  
Wild Fruit ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Conservation Interventions

Coexistence between humans and wildlife is possible when animals are able to meet their ecological requirements while managing human-induced risks. Other than large carnivores, examination of fine-scale spatiotemporal interactions with humans have rarely been applied to threatened wildlife such as great apes, whose conservation relies on persistence in dynamic, shared landscapes. Using a landscape of fear framework with Bayesian INLA spatiotemporal modelling we investigate risk-mitigation and optimal foraging trade-offs in western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus). Although humans and chimpanzees used the same locations within the agroforest landscape, chimpanzee space use was negatively mediated by villages and agriculture. However, chimpanzees responded to wild fruit scarcity by intensifying their use of village areas with cultivated fruits. Our data demonstrate dynamic spatiotemporal interactions in shared landscapes. An INLA-based landscape of fear approach generates a clear model output to examine risk mitigation/optimal foraging strategies, that can inform conservation interventions to promote human-wildlife coexistence.

scholarly journals Chimpanzees balance resources and risk in an anthropogenic landscape of fear

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Bersacola ◽  
Catherine M. Hill ◽  
Kimberley J. Hockings
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Camera Trap ◽  
Camera Traps ◽  
Foraging Strategies ◽  
Palm Fruit ◽  
Landscape Of Fear ◽  
Ecological Requirements ◽  
Wild Fruits ◽  
Trade Offs

AbstractHuman-wildlife coexistence is possible when animals can meet their ecological requirements while managing human-induced risks. Understanding how wildlife balance these trade-offs in anthropogenic environments is crucial to develop effective strategies to reduce risks of negative interactions, including bi-directional aggression and disease transmission. For the first time, we use a landscape of fear framework with Bayesian spatiotemporal modelling to investigate anthropogenic risk-mitigation and optimal foraging trade-offs in Critically Endangered western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus). Using 12 months of camera trap data (21 camera traps, 6722 camera trap days) and phenology on wild and cultivated plant species collected at Caiquene–Cadique, Cantanhez National Park (Guinea-Bissau), we show that humans and chimpanzees broadly overlapped in their use of forest and anthropogenic parts of the habitat including villages and cultivated areas. The spatiotemporal model showed that chimpanzee use of space was predicted by the availability of naturalised oil-palm fruit. Chimpanzees used areas away from villages and agriculture more intensively, but optimised their foraging strategies by increasing their use of village areas with cultivated fruits when wild fruits were scarce. Our modelling approach generates fine-resolution space–time output maps, which can be scaled-up to identify human-wildlife interaction hotspots at the landscape level, informing coexistence strategy.

scholarly journals Sophisticated collective foraging with minimalist agents: a swarm robotics test

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed S. Talamali ◽  
Thomas Bose ◽  
Matthew Haire ◽  
Xu Xu ◽  
James A. R. Marshall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Foraging ◽  
Swarm Robotics ◽  
Optimal Foraging Theory ◽  
Theory Model ◽  
Foraging Strategies ◽  
Individual Agent ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Collective Foraging ◽  
Swarm Size

Abstract How groups of cooperative foragers can achieve efficient and robust collective foraging is of interest both to biologists studying social insects and engineers designing swarm robotics systems. Of particular interest are distance-quality trade-offs and swarm-size-dependent foraging strategies. Here, we present a collective foraging system based on virtual pheromones, tested in simulation and in swarms of up to 200 physical robots. Our individual agent controllers are highly simplified, as they are based on binary pheromone sensors. Despite being simple, our individual controllers are able to reproduce classical foraging experiments conducted with more capable real ants that sense pheromone concentration and follow its gradient. One key feature of our controllers is a control parameter which balances the trade-off between distance selectivity and quality selectivity of individual foragers. We construct an optimal foraging theory model that accounts for distance and quality of resources, as well as overcrowding, and predicts a swarm-size-dependent strategy. We test swarms implementing our controllers against our optimality model and find that, for moderate swarm sizes, they can be parameterised to approximate the optimal foraging strategy. This study demonstrates the sufficiency of simple individual agent rules to generate sophisticated collective foraging behaviour.

scholarly journals Be different to be better: the effect of personality on optimal foraging with incomplete knowledge

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Poppy M. Jeffries ◽  
Samantha C. Patrick ◽  
Jonathan R. Potts
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Foraging ◽  
Optimal Foraging Theory ◽  
Foraging Strategy ◽  
Foraging Strategies ◽  
Partial Knowledge ◽  
Marginal Value ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Plausible Mechanism ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Modelling Approach

AbstractMany animal populations include a diversity of personalities, and these personalities are often linked to foraging strategy. However, it is not always clear why populations should evolve to have this diversity. Indeed, optimal foraging theory typically seeks out a single optimal strategy for individuals in a population. So why do we, in fact, see a variety of strategies existing in a single population? Here, we aim to provide insight into this conundrum by modelling the particular case of foraging seabirds, that forage on patchy prey. These seabirds have only partial knowledge of their environment: they do not know exactly where the next patch will emerge, but they may have some understanding of which locations are more likely to lead to patch emergence than others. Many existing optimal foraging studies assume either complete knowledge (e.g. Marginal Value Theorem) or no knowledge (e.g. Lévy Flight Hypothesis), but here we construct a new modelling approach which incorporates partial knowledge. In our model, different foraging strategies are favoured by different birds along the bold-shy personality continuum, so we can assess the optimality of a personality type. We show that it is optimal to be shy (resp. bold) when living in a population of bold (resp. shy) birds. This observation gives a plausible mechanism behind the emergence of diverse personalities. We also show that environmental degradation is likely to favour shyer birds and cause a decrease in diversity of personality over time.

scholarly journals Improving the knowledge of plant potential biodiversity-ecosystem services links using maps at the regional level in Southern Patagonia

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yamina Micaela Rosas ◽  
Pablo L. Peri ◽  
María Vanessa Lencinas ◽  
Romina Lasagno ◽  
Guillermo J. Martínez Pastur
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Vascular Plant ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Cultural Ecosystem Services ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Ecological Requirements ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Southern Patagonia

Abstract Background Biodiversity supports multiple ecosystem services, whereas species loss endangers the provision of many services and affects ecosystem resilience and resistance capacity. The increase of remote sensing techniques allows to estimate biodiversity and ecosystem services supply at the landscape level in areas with low available data (e.g. Southern Patagonia). This paper evaluates the potential biodiversity and how it links with ecosystem services, based on vascular plant species across eight ecological areas. We also evaluated the habitat plant requirements and their relation with natural gradients. A total of 977 plots were used to develop habitat suitability maps based on an environmental niche factor analysis of 15 more important indicator species for each ecological area (n = 53 species) using 40 explanatory variables. Finally, these maps were combined into a single potential biodiversity map, which was linked with environmental variables and ecosystem services supply. For comparisons, data were extracted and compared through analyses of variance. Results The plant habitat requirements varied greatly among the different ecological areas, and it was possible to define groups according to its specialization and marginality indexes. The potential biodiversity map allowed us to detect coldspots in the western mountains and hotspots in southern and eastern areas. Higher biodiversity was associated to higher temperatures and normalized difference vegetation index, while lower biodiversity was related to elevation and rainfall. Potential biodiversity was closely associated with supporting and provisioning ecosystem services in shrublands and grasslands in the humid steppe, while the lowest values were related to cultural ecosystem services in Nothofagus forests. Conclusions The present study showed that plant species present remarkable differences in spatial distributions and ecological requirements, being a useful proxy for potential biodiversity modelling. Potential biodiversity values change across ecological areas allowing to identify hotspots and coldspots, a useful tool for landscape management and conservation strategies. In addition, links with ecosystem services detect potential synergies and trade-offs, where areas with the lowest potential biodiversity are related to cultural ecosystem services (e.g. aesthetic values) and areas with the greatest potential biodiversity showed threats related to productive activities (e.g. livestock).

scholarly journals Humanitarian supply chain strategies – a review of how actors mitigate supply chain risks

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Jahre
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Supply Chain Risk Management ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Supply Chain Risks

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to link humanitarian logistics (HL) and supply chain risk management (SCRM) to provide an understanding of risk mitigation strategies that humanitarian organisations use, or could use, to improve their logistics preparedness. Design/methodology/approach Based on systematic reviews of RMS in SCRM and supply chain strategies (SCS) in HL literature, a framework is developed and used to review published case studies in HL. Findings The study finds that humanitarian actors use a number of the strategies proposed in the framework, particularly those related to strategic stocks, postponement, and collaboration. Strategies related to sourcing and procurement, however, especially those on supplier relationships, seem to be lacking in both research and practice. Research limitations/implications The study is based on secondary data and could be further developed through case studies based on primary data. Future studies should explore the generalisability of the findings. Practical implications Practitioners can use the framework to identify potential new SCS and how strategies can be combined. Findings can help them to understand the abnormal risks of main concern, how they may impact normal risks, and provide ideas on how to tackle trade-offs between different risks. Social implications The results can support improvements in humanitarian supply chains, which will provide affected people with rapid, cost-efficient, and better-adapted responses. Originality/value The paper connects SCRM and HL to develop a framework and suggests propositions on how humanitarian actors can mitigate supply chain risks. Questioning the focus on strategic stock it suggests complementary or alternative strategies for improving logistics preparedness.

Trade-offs in Supply Chain System Risk Mitigation

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Olson ◽  
Scott R. Swenseth
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Supply Chain System ◽  
Chain System ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
System Risk

Microhabitat selection in the potentially endangered wolf spider Donacosa merlini (Araneae, Lycosidae): implications for spider conservation

2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (11) ◽  
pp. 1280-1288 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Fernández-Montraveta ◽  
M. Cuadrado
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Selection ◽  
Habitat Quality ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Wolf Spider ◽  
Distribution Area ◽  
Suitable Habitat ◽  
Ecological Requirements ◽  
Trade Offs

Habitat quality affects many components of animal fitness and animals are expected to be distributed in the space accordingly. Mismatch between habitat preferences and fitness may relate to scale-dependent effects and trade-offs between costs and benefits of moving to high-quality habitats. We investigated the effects of habitat quality and habitat selection in Donacosa merlini Alderweireldt and Jocqué, 1991, a burrowing wolf spider included in the Spanish Invertebrates Red Data Book. Particularly, we compared burrow size and density and analysed the relationship between burrow presence and vegetation at two different scales. At a regional scale, we found strong differences in burrow size and density. Burrow density affected burrow aggregation, which was utmost under mean densities. At both spatial scales, burrows were found at relatively clear (or low-covered) patches, as scrubs were lower and nearest vegetation was farther from burrows than randomly expected. Our results suggest habitat selection and effects of habitat quality on the life history of D. merlini. In spite of the recent expansion of the species distribution area, our data support the need for suitable habitat management programs. Information about ecological requirements is paramount to correctly assess spider conservation status. This topic has received little attention in spite of the diversity and the relevance of spider ecological roles.

scholarly journals How shearwaters prey. New insights in foraging behaviour and marine foraging associations using bird-borne video cameras

2021 ◽  
Vol 169 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucie Michel ◽  
Marco Cianchetti-Benedetti ◽  
Carlo Catoni ◽  
Giacomo Dell’Omo
Keyword(s):  
Prey Type ◽  
Foraging Strategy ◽  
Foraging Strategies ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Video Cameras ◽  
Natural Prey ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Calonectris Diomedea ◽  
Fishery Discards ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Conventional bio-logging techniques used for ethological studies of seabirds have their limitations when studying detailed behaviours at sea. This study uses animal-borne video cameras to reveal fine-scale behaviours, associations with conspecifics and other species and interactions with fishery vessels during foraging of a Mediterranean seabird. The study was conducted on Scopoli's shearwaters (Calonectris diomedea) breeding in Linosa island (35°51′33″ N; 12°51′34″ E) during summer 2020. Foraging events were video recorded from a seabirds' view with lightweight cameras attached to the birds' back. Foraging always occurred in association with other shearwaters. Competitive events between shearwaters were observed, and their frequency was positively correlated to the number of birds in the foraging aggregation. Associations with tunas and sea turtles have been frequent observations at natural foraging sites. During foraging events, video recordings allowed observations of fine-scale behaviours, which would have remained unnoticed with conventional tracking devices. Foraging events could be categorised by prey type into “natural prey” and “fishery discards”. Analysis of the video footage suggests behavioural differences between the two prey type categories. Those differences suggest that the foraging effort between natural prey and fishery discards consumption can vary, which adds new arguments to the discussion about energy trade-offs and choice of foraging strategy. These observations highlight the importance of combining tracking technologies to obtain a complete picture of the at-sea behaviours of seabirds, which is essential for understanding the impact of foraging strategies and seabird-fishery interactions. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals Trade-offs between economic profitability, erosion risk mitigation and biodiversity in the management of uneven-aged Abies alba Mill. stands

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mari Selkimäki ◽  
José Ramón González-Olabarria ◽  
Antoni Trasobares ◽  
Timo Pukkala
Keyword(s):  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Abies Alba ◽  
Erosion Risk ◽  
Trade Offs

Setting Financial Performance Thresholds, Targets, and Maximums in Bonus Plans

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 55-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth A. Merchant ◽  
Carolyn Stringer ◽  
Paul Shantapriyan
Keyword(s):  
Financial Performance ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Performance Standards ◽  
Normative Theory ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Actual Performance ◽  
Performance Targets ◽  
Field Evidence ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Aspiration Levels

ABSTRACT This study uses both archival and field evidence from one multidivisional firm to examine how the three commonly used financial performance standards used to calibrate short-term bonus payouts—thresholds, targets, and maximums—are set. The setting of the standards results from complex negotiating processes. Consistent with prior research, we find that performance targets—the middle parameter—are set to be exceeded by most organizational entities. Contrary to some existing normative theory, actual performance is often outside the incentive zone, which is defined by the range between the maximum and threshold. The reasons for this include desires to raise managers' aspiration levels, concerns about bonus payment affordability, and trade-offs in gaining manager commitment to the standards. Often the target is not in the middle of the incentive zone. We identify three additional factors that provide partial explanations of where and why these standards are set where they are: employee risk mitigation, desire for cross-entity equity, and manager operating style. Data Availability: Confidentiality agreements prevent the authors from distributing the data.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document