scholarly journals Stored water in the inner bark and sapwood: Atypical patterns of daily discharge and recharge, radial osmotic gradient and freezing resistance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra J. Bucci ◽  
Luisina Carbonell Silletta ◽  
Agustin Cavallaro ◽  
Nadia S. Arias ◽  
Paula Campanello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Osmotic Gradient ◽  
Freezing Resistance ◽  
Inner Bark ◽  
Araucaria Araucana ◽  
Daily Discharge ◽  
Daily Water

Stored water in inner tissues can affect plant water balance and its freezing resistance. We studied the water storages in the inner bark and sapwood of Araucaria araucana, a species with thick inner bark. Specifically, we analyzed its daily behavior, the driving force to radial water movement and its freezing resistance. The whole-stem water content and diameter and sap flow increased in the morning and decreased in the afternoon. An osmotic gradient between stem tissues was involved in the morning water storage recharge. There were no lags in the onset of sap flow between different stem positions, however sap flow at 6m height was higher than basal sap flow in the afternoon, at the time that sapwood water content started to decline followed by the inner bark. Extracellular freezing was delayed down to -6˚C in the inner bark and to -8˚C in the leaves. The unusual diurnal pattern of internal water use may enhance freezing resistance as a consequence of the lower water content and higher osmotic potential when the lowest temperatures occur. The contribution of stem tissues to daily water use and the pattern of ice nucleation observed make this species less susceptible to drought and very low temperatures.

scholarly journals A comparison of daily water use estimates derived from constant-heat sap-flow probe values and gravimetric measurements in pot-grown saplings

2007 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 1355-1360 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. McCulloh ◽  
K. Winter ◽  
F. C. Meinzer ◽  
M. Garcia ◽  
J. Aranda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Constant Heat ◽  
Flow Probe ◽  
Gravimetric Measurements ◽  
Daily Water

scholarly journals An analysis of the sensitivity of sap flux to soil and plant variables assessed for an Australian woodland using a soil - plant - atmosphere model

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Zeppel ◽  
Catriona Macinnis-Ng ◽  
Anthony Palmer ◽  
Daniel Taylor ◽  
Rhys Whitley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Seasonal Patterns ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Vegetation Water ◽  
Spa Model

Daily and seasonal patterns of tree water use were measured for the two dominant tree species, Angophora bakeri E.C.Hall (narrow-leaved apple) and Eucalyptus sclerophylla (Blakely) L.A.S. Johnson & Blaxell (scribbly gum), in a temperate, open, evergreen woodland using sap flow sensors, along with information about soil, leaf, tree and micro-climatological variables. The aims of this work were to: (a) validate a soil–plant–atmosphere (SPA) model for the specific site; (b) determine the total depth from which water uptake must occur to achieve the observed rates of tree sap flow; (c) examine whether the water content of the upper soil profile was a significant determinant of daily rates of sap flow; and (d) examine the sensitivity of sap flow to several biotic factors. It was found that: (a) the SPA model was able to accurately replicate the hourly, daily and seasonal patterns of sap flow; (b) water uptake must have occurred from depths of up to 3 m; (c) sap flow was independent of the water content of the top 80 cm of the soil profile; and (d) sap flow was very sensitive to the leaf area of the stand, whole tree hydraulic conductance and the critical water potential of the leaves, but insensitive to stem capacitance and increases in root biomass. These results are important to future studies of the regulation of vegetation water use, landscape-scale behaviour of vegetation, and to water resource managers, because they allow testing of large-scale management options without the need for large-scale manipulations of vegetation cover.

scholarly journals UNICONIZOLE AFFECTS GROWTH AND WATER RELATIONS OF LIGUSTRUM

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1089d-1089
Author(s):  
Jayne M. Zajicek ◽  
Susan L. Steinberg ◽  
Marshall J. McFarland
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Main Trunk ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Ligustrum Japonicum ◽  
Area Basis ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
And Control

Growth of ligustrum (Ligustrum japonicum `Texanum') was controlled by the application of the growth regulator, uniconizole, at 3 mg A.I. per 7.6 liter pot. Seventy-nine days after application, growth regulated plants had shorter internodes, smaller stem diameters and reduced secondary branching and new leaf production. Differences in daily water use between the two treatments began to appear at the same time that differences in growth became apparent. Total water use of treated plants was 13% less than the control. When daily water use was normalized on a leaf area basis, water use between treatments was similar, suggesting differences in total water use were primarily due to differences in leaf area. Under well-watered conditions, the sap flow rate in the main trunk of plants in both treatments ranged between 60 and 100 g h-1 m-2 of stem area. Leaf conductance, transpiration rate and water potential were also similar for treated and control plants.

scholarly journals Model analysis of the effects of atmospheric drivers on storage water use in Scots pine

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 657-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Verbeeck ◽  
K. Steppe ◽  
N. Nadezhdina ◽  
M. Op De Beeck ◽  
G. Deckmyn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Soil Drought ◽  
Incoming Radiation ◽  
And Storage

Abstract. Storage water use is an indirect consequence of the interplay between different meteorological drivers through their effect on water flow and water potential in trees. We studied these microclimatic drivers of storage water use in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) growing in a temperate climate. The storage water use was modeled using the ANAFORE model, integrating a dynamic water flow and – storage model with a process-based transpiration model. The model was calibrated and validated with sap flow measurements for the growing season of 2000 (26 May–18 October). Because there was no severe soil drought during the study period, we were able to study atmospheric effects. Incoming radiation and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) were the main atmospheric drivers of storage water use. The general trends of sap flow and storage water use are similar, and follow more or less the pattern of incoming radiation. Nevertheless, considerable differences in the day-to-day pattern of sap flow and storage water use were observed. VPD was determined to be one of the main drivers of these differences. During dry atmospheric conditions (high VPD) storage water use was reduced. This reduction was higher than the reduction in measured sap flow. Our results suggest that the trees did not rely more on storage water during periods of atmospheric drought, without severe soil drought. The daily minimum tree water content was lower in periods of high VPD, but the reserves were not completely depleted after the first day of high VPD, due to refilling during the night. Nevertheless, the tree water content deficit was a third important factor influencing storage water use. When storage compartments were depleted beyond a threshold, storage water use was limited due to the low water potential in the storage compartments. The maximum relative contribution of storage water to daily transpiration was also constrained by an increasing tree water content deficit.

scholarly journals Transpiration by Crape Myrtle Cultivars Surrounded by Mulch, Soil, and Turfgrass Surfaces

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 1207-1210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayne M. Zajicek ◽  
J.L. Heilman
Keyword(s):  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Heat Balance ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Longwave Radiation ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stem Flow ◽  
Daily Water

A study was conducted to explore how surface materials, including pine bark mulch, bare soil, and turfgrass, affect water use of diverse cultivars (dwarf weeping, dwarf upright, standard weeping, and standard upright) of crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica L.). Daily water use was measured gravimetrically, and instantaneous rates of sap flow were measured using heat balance stem flow gauges. Plants of all cultivars surrounded by the mulched surface lost 0.63 to 1.25 kg·m-2·day-1 more water than plants on the soil surface and 0.83 to 1.09 kg·m-2·day-1 more than plants surrounded by turf. The surface temperature of the mulch was higher than that of the other surfaces, resulting in greater fluxes of longwave radiation from the surface. Because of the greater energy load, plants on the mulched surface had higher leaf temperatures and higher leaf-air vapor pressure deficits (VPD) throughout the day. Plants on the mulched area also had higher stomata1 conductances during most of the day compared with those on bare soil and turfgrass surfaces.

scholarly journals Water use pattern of Pinus tabulaeformis in the semiarid region of Loess Plateau, China

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. e077 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengqi Jian ◽  
Xueli Zhang ◽  
Zening Wu ◽  
Caihong Hu
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Pinus Tabulaeformis ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Stand Transpiration ◽  
The Mean

Aim of the study: We analyzed the water-use strategy of P. tabulaeformis and determine the relationships between environmental factors and transpiration rates in the P. tabulaeformis woodlands.Area of study: Loess Plateau region of Northwest China.Material and Methods: Sap flow density of the P. tabulaeformis trees was measured with Granier-type sensors. Stand transpiration was extrapolated from the sap flow measurements of individual trees using the following Granier equation.Main results: The mean sap flow rates of individual P. tabulaeformis trees ranged from 9 L day−1 to 54 L day−1. Photosynthetically active radiation and vapor pressure deficit were the dominant driving factors of transpiration when soil water content was sufficient (soil water content>16%), considering that soil water content is the primary factor of influencing transpiration at the driest month of the year. During the entire growing season, the maximum and minimum daily stand transpiration rates were 2.93 and 0.78 mm day−1, respectively. The mean stand transpiration rate was 1.9 mm day−1, and the total stand transpiration from May to September was 294.1 mm.Research highlights: This study can serve as a basis for detailed analyses of the water physiology and growth of P. tabulaeformis plantation trees for the later application of a climate-driven process model.Keywords: Sap flow; stand transpiration; environmental factor; Pinus tabulaeformis; Loess Plateau.

Evapotranspiration Measurement and Irrigation Scheduling for Several Tropical Fruit Crops Using the EnviroScan System

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 549f-550
Author(s):  
Mongi Zekri ◽  
Bruce Schaffer ◽  
Stephen K. O'Hair ◽  
Roberto Nunez-Elisea ◽  
Jonathan H. Crane
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Water Use ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Tropical Fruit

In southern Florida, most tropical fruit crops between Biscayne and Everglades National Parks are irrigated at rates and frequencies based on experience and observations of tree growth and fruit yield rather than on reliable quantitative information of actual water use. This approach suggests that irrigation rates may be excessive and could lead to leaching of agricultural chemicals into the groundwater in this environmentally sensitive area. Therefore, a study is being conducted to increase water use efficiency and optimize irrigation by accurately scheduling irrigation using a very effective management tool (EnviroScan, Sentek Environmental Innovations, Pty., Kent, Australia) that continuously monitors soil water content with highly accurate capacitance multi-sensor probes installed at several depths within the soil profile. The system measures crop water use by monitoring soil water depletion rates and allows the maintenance of soil water content within the optimum range (below field capacity and well above the onset of plant water stress). The study is being conducted in growers' orchards with three tropical fruit crops (avocado, carambola, and `Tahiti' lime) to facilitate rapid adoption and utilization of research results.

OSMOTIC INHIBITION OF THE NATRIFERIC RESPONSE OF THE TOAD URINARY BLADDER TO VASOPRESSIN

1975 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-125
Author(s):  
P. J. BENTLEY
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Short Circuit Current ◽  
Toad Bladder ◽  
Toad Urinary Bladder ◽  
Electrical Potential Difference ◽  
Osmotic Gradient

SUMMARY The electrical potential difference and short-circuit current (scc, reflecting active transmural sodium transport) across the toad urinary bladder in vitro was unaffected by the presence of hypo-osmotic solutions bathing the mucosal (urinary) surface, providing that the transmural flow of water was small. Vasopressin increased the scc across the toad bladder (the natriferic response), but this stimulation was considerably reduced in the presence of a hypo-osmotic solution on the mucosal side, conditions under which water transfer across the membrane was also increased. This inhibition of the natriferic response did not depend on the direction of the water movement, for if the osmotic gradient was the opposite way to that which normally occurs, the response to vasopressin was still reduced. The natriferic response to cyclic AMP was also inhibited in the presence of an osmotic gradient. Aldosterone increased the scc and Na+ transport across the toad bladder but this response was not changed when an osmotic gradient was present. The physiological implications of these observations and the possible mechanisms involved are discussed.

Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Competition for Water in Cotton

Weed Science ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 928-935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah T. Berger ◽  
Jason A. Ferrell ◽  
Diane L. Rowland ◽  
Theodore M. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Relative Water Content ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Cotton Production ◽  
Excess Water ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Competition For Light ◽  
Daily Water

Palmer amaranth is a troublesome weed in cotton production. Yield losses of 65% have been reported from season-long Palmer amaranth competition with cotton. To determine whether water is a factor in this system, experiments were conduced in 2011, 2012, and 2013 in Citra, FL, and in Tifton, GA. In 2011, infrequent rainfall lead to drought stress. The presence of Palmer amaranth resulted in decreased soil relative water content up to 1 m in depth. Cotton stomatal conductance (gs) was reduced up to 1.8 m from a Palmer amaranth plant. In 2012 and 2013 higher than average rainfall resulted in excess water throughout the growing season. In this situation, no differences were found in soil relative water content or cottongsas a function of proximity to Palmer amaranth. A positive linear trend was found in cotton photosynthesis and yield; each parameter increased as distance from Palmer amaranth increased. Even in these well-watered conditions, daily water use of Palmer amaranth was considerably higher than that of cotton, at 1.2 and 0.49 g H20 cm−2d−1, respectively. Although Palmer amaranth removed more water from the soil profile, rainfall was adequate to replenish the profile in 2 of the 3 yr of this study. However, yield loss due to Palmer amaranth was still observed despite no change ings, indicating other factors, such as competition for light or response to neighboring plants during development, are driving yield loss.

scholarly journals Determination of virtual water content of rice and spatial characteristics analysis in China

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 2103-2111 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Zhang ◽  
X. A. Yin ◽  
Y. Zhi ◽  
Z. F. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Southwest China ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
Grey Water ◽  
Spatial Characteristics ◽  
Water Values

Abstract. China is a water-stressed country, and agriculture consumes the bulk of its water resources. Assessing the virtual water content (VWC) of crops is one important way to develop efficient water management measures to alleviate water resource conflicts among different sectors. In this research, the VWC of rice, a major crop in China, is taken as the research object. China covers a vast land area, and the VWC of rice varies widely between different regions. The VWC of rice in China is assessed and the spatial characteristics are also analysed. The total VWC is the total volume of freshwater both consumed and affected by pollution during the crop production process, including both direct and indirect water use. Prior calculation frameworks of the VWC of crops did not contain all of the virtual water content of crops. In addition to the calculation of green, blue and grey water – the direct water in VWC – the indirect water use of rice was also calculated, using an input–output model. The percentages of direct green, blue, grey and indirect water in the total VWC of rice in China were found to be 43.8, 28.2, 27.6, and 0.4%. The total VWC of rice generally showed a roughly three-tiered distribution, and decreased from southeast to northwest. The higher values of direct green water usage were mainly concentrated in Southeast and Southwest China, while the values were relatively low in Northwest China and Inner Mongolia. The higher direct blue water values were mainly concentrated in the eastern and southern coastal regions and Northwest China, and low values were mainly concentrated in Southwest China. Grey water values were relatively high in Shanxi and Guangxi provinces and low in Northeast and Northwest China. The regions with high values for indirect water were randomly distributed but the regions with low values were mainly concentrated in Northwest and Southwest China. For the regions with relatively high total VWC the high values of blue water made the largest contribution, although for the country as a whole the direct green water is the most important contributor.

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