scholarly journals Species-environment relationships of fish and map-based variables in small boreal streams: linkages with climate change and bioassessment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tapio Sutela ◽  
Teppo Vehanen ◽  
Pekka Jounela ◽  
Jukka Aroviita
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Self Organizing Map ◽  
Pungitius Pungitius ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
Small Streams

Species-environment relationships were studied between the occurrence of 13 fish and lamprey species and 9 mainly map-based environmental variables of Finnish boreal small streams. A self-organizing map (SOM) analysis showed strong relationships between the fish species and environmental variables in a single model (explained variance 55.9%). Besides basic environmental variables such as altitude, catchment size, and mean temperature, landcover variables were also explored. A logistic regression analysis indicated that the occurrence probability of brown trout, Salmo trutta L., decreased with an increasing percentage of peatland ditch drainage in the upper catchment. Ninespine stickleback, Pungitius pungitius (L.), and three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L., seemed to benefit from urban areas in the upper catchment. Discovered relationships between fish species occurrence and land-use attributes are encouraging for the development of fish-based bioassessment for small streams. The presented ordination of the fish species in the mean temperature gradient will help in predicting fish community responses to climate change.

scholarly journals Genomic assessment of local adaptation in dwarf birch to inform assisted gene flow

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
James S. Borrell ◽  
Jasmin Zohren ◽  
Richard A. Nichols ◽  
Richard J. A. Buggs
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Allele Frequencies ◽  
Species Range ◽  
Conservation Action ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
Diurnal Range ◽  
Dwarf Birch

AbstractWhen populations of a rare species are small, isolated and declining under climate change, some populations may become locally maladapted. Detecting this maladaptation may allow effective rapid conservation interventions, even if based on incomplete knowledge. Population maladaptation may be estimated by finding genome-environment associations (GEA) between allele frequencies and environmental variables across a local species range, and identifying populations whose allele frequencies do not fit with these trends. We can then design assisted gene flow strategies for maladapted populations, to adjust their allele frequencies, entailing lower levels of intervention than with undirected conservation action. Here, we investigate this strategy in Scottish populations of the montane plant dwarf birch (Betula nana). In genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data we found 267 significant associations between SNP loci and environmental variables. We ranked populations by maladaptation estimated using allele frequency deviation from the general trends at these loci; this gave a different prioritization for conservation action than the Shapely Index, which seeks to preserve rare neutral variation. Populations estimated to be maladapted in their allele frequencies at loci associated with annual mean temperature were found to have reduced catkin production. Using an environmental niche modelling (ENM) approach, we found annual mean temperature (35%), and mean diurnal range (15%), to be important predictors of the dwarf birch distribution. Intriguingly, there was a significant correlation between the number of loci associated with each environmental variable in the GEA, and the importance of that variable in the ENM. Together, these results suggest that the same environmental variables determine both adaptive genetic variation and species range in Scottish dwarf birch. We suggest an assisted gene flow strategy that aims to maximize the local adaptation of dwarf birch populations under climate change by matching allele frequencies to current and future environments.

Host specificity in Schistocephalus solidus

Parasitology ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 657-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trond Bråten
Keyword(s):  
Host Specificity ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Perca Fluviatilis ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pungitius Pungitius ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
New Host ◽  
Schistocephalus Solidus

Investigations on the host specificity of plerocercoids of Schistocephalus solidus were carried out using the technique of surgically transferring plerocercoids from the body cavity of Gasterosteus aculeatus to various other fish. Plerocercoids survived in all cases when transferred from G. aculeatus to other G. aculeatus; when tranferred to Pungitius pungitius the worms survived for long periods but failed to grow. Plerocercoids transferred to Coitus gobio, Nemacheilus barbatula, Phoxinus phoxinus, Salmo trutta, Coregonus clupeoides, Perca fluviatilis, Rutilus rutilus and Esox lucius always died within 2–10 days after being transferred. Electron-microscopic examinations of the tegument of plerocercoids transferred to new hosts showed: in G. aculeatus normal appearance throughout the experiment; in P. pungitius degeneration of the microtrichs after 6 days; and in S. trutta complete destruction of the tegument in 7 days.Plerocercoids of the genus Diphyllobothrium survived the transfer from Gasterosteus aculeatus to Salmo trutta and continued to grow in their new host.Infection of fish with S. solidus by feeding infected copepods and by aspetic injection of procercoids into the body cavity of the fish were also tried. Gasterosteus aculeatus became infected using both these methods but it was not possible to infect Pungitius pungitius.

The glochidia of certain Unionidae (Mollusca) in Nova Scotia and their fish hosts

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Wiles
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Catostomus Commersoni ◽  
Pungitius Pungitius ◽  
Apeltes Quadracus ◽  
Early Fall ◽  
Fish Hosts ◽  
Nova Scotian

Morphological and morphometric comparisons among adult and glochidial unionids from two Nova Scotian locations showed that Anodonta implicata, A. cataracta cataracta, A. c. fragilis, Elliptio complanatus, and Lampsilis radiata radiata were present. Gravidity studies suggested that fully developed glochidia occur from September to May in Anodonta marsupia, for only 5–6 weeks in June and July in E. complanatus, and perhaps at least from spring to early fall in L. r. radiata. Seven of 12 fish species sampled bore glochidia, which were identified in five host species by comparisons of their shapes and dimensions with those of glochidia from adult clams. Results were as follows: A. c. cataracta in Catostomus commersoni in June only, A. implicata or A. c. cataracta in Gasterosteus aculeatus in May and June, Anodonta sp. in Apeltes quadracus and Pungitius pungitius in June, and E. complanatus in Fundulus diaphanus in June and July. Thus, no relationships between gravidity periods of adult clams and infestation periods of their fish hosts by their glochidia were evident for species of Anodonta.

scholarly journals Revitalizing small urban streams as an instrument of urban planning in creating resilient cities

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-205
Author(s):  
Milena Dinic-Brankovic ◽  
Milica Markovic
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Urban Planning ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Urban Streams ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Small Streams

Small urban streams are an important element of blue-green infrastructure that is often underused, especially regarding storm water management. In addition, small streams in dense urban areas often seem to be polluted and devastated, or even buried underground. This paper discusses the problems and challenges that occur in urban areas regarding small streams and creeks, and explores how their revitalization can help in shaping more resilient communities. The study explores two cities, Graz and Oslo, and their best practice examples in revitalizing urban watercourses. As a valuable natural ?blue? capital, small streams can reduce the city?s risk of flooding from intense rainfall and strengthen the ecosystem. At the same time, small urban streams are cost effective, proactive and attractive elements of urban landscape. Research identifies the benefits that the process of revitalization of small urban streams brought about to the selected case studies regarding the environment, public health, social interactions, land use and adaptation to climate change. Furthermore, the research establishes urban planning guidelines for revitalization of watercourses that could help in setting up policy framework for adapting inherited urban settings to climate change.

Spatial modeling of the ecological niche of Pinus greggii Engelm (Pinaceae): A species conservation proposal in Mexico

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALDO Rafael MARTINEZ ◽  
Jose Villanueva Diaz ◽  
Ulises Manzanilla-Quiñones ◽  
Jorge Luis Becerra-López ◽  
José Antonio Hernández-Herrera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Current Distribution ◽  
Spatial Modeling ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Ecological Niche ◽  
Species Conservation ◽  
Suitable Habitat ◽  
Distribution Models ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
Pinus Greggii

Abstract Background Studies in Mexico have shown that the genus Pine has always been under evolutionary changes, however currently they have accelerated as a result of human activities. Pinus greggii is a species restricted by particular environmental conditions of the Sierra Madre Occidental, which is of socio-economic importance in terms of wood production and provides environmental services to the ecosystem. Species distribution models are a relevant geospatial tool in decision making, and notable applications exist such as identifying areas of distribution and zones susceptible to climate change. The objectives of this study were: 1) model and quantify the current distribution, and possible future distribution under four scenarios of climate change; 2) identify the most relevant environmental variables that drive changes in distribution; and 3) to propose adequate zones for the species’ conservation in Mexico. Methods 438 records of Pinus greggii from several national and international databases were obtained, and were cleaned up to get rid of duplicates and overestimations in the models. Climatic, edaphic, and topographic variables were used and were generated 100 distribution models for current and future scenarios with Maxent software. Results The model one under replicated of crossvalidation had the best statistic, with an area under the curve of 0.88 and 0.93 for model training and validation, respectively, a partial ROC of 1.94, and a significant Z test (p < 0.01). The current estimated area of Pinus greggii in Mexico was 617,706.04 ha and the most important environmental variables for current distribution were the annual mean temperature, mean temperature of coldest quarter, and slope. For the 2041–2060 models, annual mean temperature, precipitation of coldest quarter, and slope were most important. The future models (2041–2060) predict a decrease in suitable habitat for the species from 48,403.85 (7.8%; HadGEM2-ES RCP 8.5 model) to 134,680.17 ha (21.8%; CNRM-CM5 RCP 4.5). Conclusions The spatial modeling of current and future conditions of the ecological niche of Pinus greggii in this study allows the proposal of two zones for conservation purpose and in situ restoration for the species in northeastern (Nuevo Leon) and central (Hidalgo) Mexico.

The implications of climate change on residential water use: a micro-scale analysis of Portland (OR), USA

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivek Shandas ◽  
Meenakshi Rao ◽  
Moriah McSharry McGrath
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Future Climate ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Residential Water Use ◽  
Residential Water

Social and behavioral research is crucial for securing environmental sustainability and improving human living environments. Although the majority of people now live in urban areas, we have limited empirical evidence of the anticipated behavioral response to climate change. Using empirical data on daily household residential water use and temperature, our research examines the implications of future climate conditions on water conservation behavior in 501 households within the Portland (OR) metropolitan region. We ask whether and how much change in ambient temperatures impact residential household water use, while controlling for taxlot characteristics. Based on our results, we develop a spatially explicit description about the changes in future water use for the study region using a downscaled future climate scenario. The results suggest that behavioral responses are mediated by an interaction of household structural attributes, and magnitude and temporal variability of weather parameters. These findings have implications for the way natural resource managers and planning bureaus prepare for and adapt to future consequences of climate change.

Managing African Urbanization in the Context of Environmental Change

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuaib Lwasa
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Governance ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Urbanization Rate ◽  
Development And Management

Africa’s urbanization rate has increased steadily over the past three decades and is reported to be faster than in any other region in the world . It is estimated that by 2030, over half of the African population will be living in urban areas . But the nature of Africa’s urbanization and subsequent form of cities is yet to be critically analyzed in the context of city authorities’ readiness to address the challenges . Evidence is also suggesting that urbanization in African countries is increasingly associated with the high economic growth that has been observed in the last two decades . Both underlying and proximate drivers are responsible for the urbanization, and these include population dynamics, economic growth, legislative designation, increasing densities in rural centers, as well as the growth of mega cities such as Lagos, Cairo and Kinshasa, that are extending to form urban corridors . With the opportunities of urbanization in Sub–Saharan Africa, there are also challenges in the development and management of these cities . Those challenges include provision of social services, sustainable economic development, housing development, urban governance, spatial development guidance and environmental management, climate change adaptation, mitigation and disaster risk reduction . The challenge involves dealing with the development and infrastructure deficit, in addition to required adaption to and mitigation of climate change . This paper examines the current state of urban management in Africa .

Smart Cities and Smart Regulation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Rønne
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
Smart Regulation

Increasing focus on sustainable societies and ‘smart cities’ due to emphasis on mitigation of climate change is simultaneous with ‘smart regulation’ reaching the forefront of the political agenda. Consequently, the energy sector and its regulation are undergoing significant innovation and change. Energy innovations include transition from fossil fuels to more renewable energy sources and application of new computer technology, interactively matching production with consumer demand. Smart cities are growing and projects are being initiated for development of urban areas and energy systems. Analysis from ‘Smart Cities Accelerator’, developed under the EU Interreg funding programme that includes Climate-KIC,——provides background for the focus on a smart energy system. Analysis ensures the energy supply systems support the integration of renewables with the need for new technologies and investments. ‘Smart’ is trendy, but when becoming ‘smart’ leads to motivation that is an important step towards mitigating climate change.

scholarly journals Contrasting Evolution Patterns of Endorheic and Exorheic Lakes on the Central Tibetan Plateau and Climate Cause Analysis during 1988–2017

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 1962
Author(s):  
Zhilong Zhao ◽  
Yue Zhang ◽  
Zengzeng Hu ◽  
Xuanhua Nie
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Annual Precipitation ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Lake Area ◽  
Climate Change Research ◽  
Mean Temperature

The alpine lakes on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are indicators of climate change. The assessment of lake dynamics on the TP is an important component of global climate change research. With a focus on lakes in the 33° N zone of the central TP, this study investigates the temporal evolution patterns of the lake areas of different types of lakes, i.e., non-glacier-fed endorheic lakes and non-glacier-fed exorheic lakes, during 1988–2017, and examines their relationship with changes in climatic factors. From 1988 to 2017, two endorheic lakes (Lake Yagenco and Lake Zhamcomaqiong) in the study area expanded significantly, i.e., by more than 50%. Over the same period, two exorheic lakes within the study area also exhibited spatio-temporal variability: Lake Gaeencuonama increased by 5.48%, and the change in Lake Zhamuco was not significant. The 2000s was a period of rapid expansion of both the closed lakes (endorheic lakes) and open lakes (exorheic lakes) in the study area. However, the endorheic lakes maintained the increase in lake area after the period of rapid expansion, while the exorheic lakes decreased after significant expansion. During 1988–2017, the annual mean temperature significantly increased at a rate of 0.04 °C/a, while the annual precipitation slightly increased at a rate of 2.23 mm/a. Furthermore, the annual precipitation significantly increased at a rate of 14.28 mm/a during 1995–2008. The results of this study demonstrate that the change in precipitation was responsible for the observed changes in the lake areas of the two exorheic lakes within the study area, while the changes in the lake areas of the two endorheic lakes were more sensitive to the annual mean temperature between 1988 and 2017. Given the importance of lakes to the TP, these are not trivial issues, and we now need accelerated research based on long-term and continuous remote sensing data.

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