scholarly journals THE ROLE OF LEASING IN FINANCING OF INNOVATION IN EUROPE AND ARMENIA

2016 ◽  
Vol 65 (16) ◽  
pp. 56-69
Author(s):  
Lilya Avetisyan ◽  
Agnieszka Parlińska
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Innovation Activity ◽  
Funding Mechanism ◽  
Innovation Activities ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Main Factor ◽  
Stimulation Of

The paper presents possibilities of the use of leasing as an instrument of financing of innovation activities. At present times the issue of search of new ways of financial provision for innovation activity, which is the main factor of competitiveness of the enterprises, is of a particular importance. In the paper advantages of the leasing funding mechanism for innovation activities are presented, and the role of innovative leasing in modern conditions is revealed. The comparative analysis of regulation of leasing in a number of European countries is carried out, and also the analysis of the European leasing market is submitted. The structure and current trends of development of the domestic leasing market are considered. The main problems interfering development of leasing in Armenia are revealed. On the basis of the best European practices recommendations are provided, which will promote the use of leasing for stimulation of innovation activities of the enterprises in Armenia.

10. Constitutions and Courts

2020 ◽  
pp. 205-226
Author(s):  
Nuno Garoupa ◽  
Pedro C. Magalhães
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Constitutional Courts ◽  
Constitutional Review ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Political Impact

This chapter focuses on the constitutions of European countries as well as on the mechanisms in place to interpret and enforce them. It starts by defining ‘constitution’. It then proceeds to a discussion about the role of courts and constitutional review of legislation. Focusing in particular on centralized constitutional review, it describes the variety of powers enjoyed by contemporary constitutional courts. Existing mechanisms for litigation and judicial appointment are also considered. Finally, it addresses the existing empirical evidence about both judicial behaviour in such courts and their political impact. The chapter concludes with an examination of current trends in the direction of supranational constitutionalism and constitutional review.

scholarly journals Innovative Activity of Small and Medium- Sized Enterprises

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 580-608
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Innovation Activity ◽  
Processing Industry ◽  
Innovative Performance ◽  
Secondary Information ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
Published Research ◽  
Stimulation Of

The importance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) for the economy of our country is constantly growing. In 2018, they made up 99.8% of the enterprises in the country. They employ 75.7% of all employees in the economy and they provide 65.3% of the country‘s added value. The innovation activity of SMEs largely determines the overall innovative performance of our country, and therefore the pace of its development. It is increasingly realized that the stimulation of innovation in SMEs is an important mechanism for achieving competitiveness and economic success not only of individual enterprises but also of our country as a whole. Given this, the first purpose of this study is to perform a comparative analysis of the innovation activity of Bulgarian SMEs compared to the other EU countries and to determine the main areas of achievement and lag. The comparative analysis was performed on the basis of data from official national, European and world sources, as well as from published research results on this issue. The second purpose is to present the results of an empirical study of the innovation activity of a sample of Bulgarian SMEs, conducted by the authors. The survey covers 100 micro, small and medium-sized enterprises from different sectors of the processing industry and its purpose is to check, supplement and clarify secondary information studied for the first stage.

scholarly journals ADAPTATION OF INSURANCE DISTRIBUTION TO THE NEW CHALLENGES

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataliia PRYKAZIUK ◽  
Tetiana MOTASHKO ◽  
Oksana LOBOVA
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
New Challenges

Purpose – new challenges, including those induced by the Covid-19 pandemic and digital power, are exac-erbating instability for each entity and increasing the role of insurance, while necessitating the reformatting of existing approaches to insurance distribution. The purpose of the article is to develop a model of adaptation of the insurance distribution system to new challenges by elucidating the distribution channels transformation during the last decade in European countries, establishing causal links, identifying factors that determine current trends in insurance distribution. Research methodology – the economic and statistical methods of collecting and processing the information, methods of structural and dynamic analysis, analysis and synthesis, empirical methods are usedto achieve the stated goal of the article. Findings – a model for adapting the insurance distribution to new challenges, including the Covid-19 pandemic and digital power, which is based on the current trends and transformation processes of insurance distribution in European countries, the features of the insurance distribution system, aimed at innovation and the establishment of insurance ecosystemsis developed. Research limitations – limitations of the study are represented by the gaps in available statistical information for indi-vidual countries. Practical implications – the results of the study, including the proposed model, can help insurance companies achieving the sustainable development goals, taking into account new challenges. Originality/Value – this study delivers its contribution by demonstrating the trends, drivers and ways to adapt the in-surance distribution in the new realities.

scholarly journals The role of the banking system in the innovative development of economy

2019 ◽  
pp. 81-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Dziubliuk
Keyword(s):  
National Economy ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Innovation Process ◽  
World Market ◽  
Innovation Activity ◽  
Innovative Development ◽  
Innovation Potential ◽  
Innovation Activities ◽  
Lending Activity

The article gives a rationale for rebuilding the country’s innovation capacity as a key task of the current economic policy of the state, since it is the use of innovations that is extremely important for successful business activity and for obtaining competitive advantages in the world market. The subject matter of the study is the role of banking system, whose lending activity can serve as a powerful source for funding innovation, which, in turn, is seen as a key driver for investment and economic growth. The purpose of the research paper is to substantiate the appropriate theoretical and methodological approaches to understanding the role of the banking system within the framework of stimulating innovative development of the economy. The article critically analyzes the current state of innovation activity in Ukraine and systematizes the main factors restraining the innovative development of the economy. Particular attention is paid to the lack of funding for innovation, the ineffective structure of the national economy, and insufficient state financial support. The lack of an adequate level of funding for innovation activities of enterprises is identified as one of the main constraints on the introduction of innovations and enhancement of innovation potential. It is stressed that the limited amount of own funds and the objective difficulties in attracting foreign financial resources of investors are usually the main reasons for the low degree of innovation activity of enterprises in Ukraine. It is argued that it is the banking system that can act as the main institutional element of the innovation infrastructure, which has the proper organizational, technological and financial potential, sufficient for accumulation and redistribution of those investment resources that are necessary for activating the innovation process in the national economy. The advantages of banks in comparison with other participants of the financial market are determined, which determines the key role of the banking system in the innovative development of the economy. The author articulates a set of organizational, institutional and economic measures at the macro- and micro-levels which can contribute to incorporating the banking system into the framework of stimulating innovation processes.

Reforming Local Councils and the Role of Councillors: A Comparative Analysis of Fifteen European Countries

2016 ◽  
pp. 287-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Lidström ◽  
Harald Baldersheim ◽  
Colin Copus ◽  
Eva Marín Hlynsdóttir ◽  
Pekka Kettunen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
European Countries

scholarly journals Containers, facilitators, innovators? The role of cities and city employees in innovation activities

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teemu Makkonen ◽  
Maria Merisalo ◽  
Tommi Inkinen
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Market Potential ◽  
Innovation Activity ◽  
Regional Innovation ◽  
Development Activity ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Sector Innovation ◽  
Innovation Activities

Innovation has long been considered one of the key engines of economic growth, and patents as important incentives for research and development activity. Particularly in terms of intellectual property rights (IPR), however, little is known about how cities contribute to regional innovation: are they containers, facilitators or innovators? This is investigated here through empirical material derived from 27 interviews with top departmental management in three Finnish cities (Helsinki, Espoo and Vantaa). The results show that local city governments (LCGs) consider cities as facilitators of innovation activities but also admit that there are limits (time constraints and lack of resources) to the influence of LCGs over the innovation environment. Still, many of the public sector innovations (especially social innovations) that do not necessarily have a clear market potential would not have been created without the active role of LCGs as innovators. City employees are innovative – the seeming lack of public sector innovation is actually a result of measurement issues that favour (patentable) technological innovations rather than those more common to LCGs, meaning service and organisational types. Therefore, LCGs can be seen as highly innovative organisations. There are, however, barriers to innovation in the public sector, such as the cost of innovation activity, the lack of incentives for it and a working culture that does not support it. Lastly, the results show that LCGs have not really fully considered the possibilities and potential of owning their own IPR; to be specific, potentially lucrative opportunities should be explored.

When Do Women Speak? A Comparative Analysis of the Role of Gender in Legislative Debates

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 576-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Bäck ◽  
Marc Debus
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Members Of Parliament ◽  
Critical Mass Theory ◽  
Incongruity Theory ◽  
Role Incongruity

Do female representatives participate less often in legislative debates, and does it matter which topic is debated? Drawing on the role incongruity theory, we hypothesise that women take the parliamentary floor less often because of the gender stereotypes that are likely to guide the behaviour of party representatives. Such underrepresentation is less likely to be present when debates are dealing with policy areas that can be characterised as feminine. By referring to critical mass theory, we expect women to participate less in debates if they are members of parties with fewer female representatives. The results of an analysis of speechmaking among members of parliament in seven European countries show that female members of parliament are less represented in legislative debates, especially when debates deal with topics that can be characterised as masculine. Furthermore, the effect of gender on speechmaking clearly varies across parties. However, the pattern does not follow the logic derived from critical mass theory. Instead, female members of parliament take the floor less often when they are members of parties with many female representatives.

scholarly journals Official and Real Biographies in Context of Soviet Tradition of Non-Material Incentives for Labor during Great Patriotic War

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
pp. 479-495
Author(s):  
N. V. Starikova ◽  
A. V. Shurshikova ◽  
M. Y. Shlyakhov
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Narrative Tradition ◽  
Socialist Labor ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Analytical Research ◽  
Material Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

The question of the use of the official labor biography in the 30—40s of the twentieth century as a means of instilling a sacred attitude to work in a Soviet person, a method of non-material stimulation of the production process is considered. The relevance of the study is due to the interest in biography in the context of the history of labor, in the authors’ appeal to the problem of forming a new attitude to work during the period of industrialization and the years of the Great Patriotic War. Attention is paid to the role of periodicals. The results of a comparative analysis of the official and real biography, recovered from the materials of the personal file, are presented. The question is raised about the tasks of the official biography of the Hero of Socialist Labor in this period. The novelty of the research is seen in the attraction of unpublished data from the production archive of the Gorky Railway, in the reconstruction of real biographical data. The authors compare the official and real biographies. The possibility of using heroic biography as a method of non-material stimulation of labor has been proved. The author’s reconstruction of the biography of Ivan Georgievich Makarov — Hero of Socialist Labor is presented. The experience of analytical research of documentary historical sources and their comparison with the narrative tradition is described.

scholarly journals Innovation intensity and skills in firms across five European countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Falk ◽  
Eva Hagsten
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Education ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Community Innovation Survey ◽  
Innovation Activities ◽  
Business Statistics ◽  
Industry Affiliation ◽  
Innovation Intensity ◽  
Official Data ◽  
Negative Link

AbstractThis study attempts to establish the importance of specific formally achieved higher skills for the innovation intensity in firms across a group of European countries. Innovation expenditures are calculated as the ratio to turnover and the main explanatory variable is the proportion of highly skilled employees (tertiary education in ICT-oriented or other fields). The analysis employs official data on innovation activities (Community Innovation Survey) in firms for the period 2004–2010, linked to registers on education and businesses as well as to the Structural Business Statistics including 34,000 observations. Estimation results show a strong significantly positive relationship between the innovation intensity and the proportion of highly ICT skilled employees. Higher skills outside the field of ICT are also important for the innovation activities. Control variables reveal that the innovation intensity significantly increases with joint national and EU funding while the role of firm age varies. The significant and negative link to firm size reveals a lack of advantages of scale, a finding possibly related to the use of a comprehensive measure of innovation activities. There are also indications that industry affiliation is essential for the innovation intensity.

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