scholarly journals Assessment of Lower Zab river water quality using both Canadian Water Quality Index Method and NSF Water Quality Index Method

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-171
Author(s):  
Sarah Ahmed ◽  
Ali Abedulwahab ◽  
Rehab Ahmed ◽  
Mohamed Najemalden ◽  
Omer Taha
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
River Water ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
World Health ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Index Method ◽  
Water Quality Data ◽  
Canadian Council

Rivers are considered the most important sources of surface water on Earth. They are play a significant role in all human activities and the quality of river water is needed. Therefore, the importance of the water quality index is arising through providing data base about quality of the water source, and explain the change in the water quality over a period of time continually. This study involved determination of physicochemical and biological parameters of Lower Zab river in Kirkuk city at two different points. The objectives of the study are to assess the present water quality, through analysis of some selected water quality parameters like pH, TDS, BOD, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, EC, alkalinity, and salinity etc. and to compare the results with the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment and National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Indices. Raw water samples were collected from the Lower Zab river twice a month by one sample every 15 days from each station. The water quality data include 16 different parameters. Tests were carried out following the American Public Health Association standard methods. The results show that all parameters values were within the standards of drinking water proposed by the CCME standards and Iraqi standards or the World Health Organization standards for drinking purpose, except turbidity, DO, nitrate, calcium, which were mostly higher than the standards and sometimes BOD and potassium. The results of WQI showed that the water quality at LZ3 station is lower than LZ2 station due to the polluting activity of the Lower Zab river. Furthermore, for the years 2014, 2015, and 2016, the water quality was degraded due to the ISIS war. Also, it was noted in the 2013 year that the water quality degraded more in fall and winter seasons due to that the earth has exposed to the long-dried season and then suddenly exposed to a high rainfall season which in turns leads to increase some parameters very high (i.e. turbidity). Finally, the Lower Zab river water cannot be use for drinking directly. However, a pretreatment is needed before the drinking use.

Evaluation of Water Quality of Hemren Lake

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-76
Author(s):  
SAAD SH. SAMMEN
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Lake Ecosystem ◽  
Index Method ◽  
Weighted Arithmetic ◽  
Canadian Council ◽  
Calcium Magnesium

In this study Water Quality Index (WQI) was applied in Hemren Lake, Diyala province, Iraq using ten water quality parameters (pH, Electrical Conductivity, Hardness, Total Dissolve Soluble, Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, Chloride, Phosphate) from 2008 to 2010 to evaluate the suitability of Hemren Lake ecosystem for drinking and irrigation uses. The Weighted Arithmetic Index method (WAM) and the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index methodology (The CWQI 1.0 model) were used to calculate the water quality index (W.Q.I). The results indicated that drinking water quality of Hemren Lake is good and marginal for the study period according to (WAM) and (CCME) respectively, while the irrigation water quality is good and according to (WAM) and (CCME). It is suggested that monitoring of the lake is necessary for proper management. Application of the WQI is also suggested as a very helpful tool that enables the public and decision makers to evaluate water quality of lakes in Iraq.

scholarly journals Assessment of Water Quality of Okomu Wetland Using Water Quality Index

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 450-457
Author(s):  
S. I. Ehiorobo ◽  
A. E. Ogbeibu
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Body ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Water Quality Data

The water quality of the Okomu Wetland was evaluated using the Water Quality Index (WQI) technique which provides a number that expresses overall water quality of a water body or water sample at a particular time. Sampling of physicochemical parameters spanned two years covering the wet and dry seasons and the water quality data were obtained from 10 sampling locations; Ponds 36, 52, 54, 61, 64, 90, 94, Arhakhuan Stream, Okomu River (Agekpukpu) and Okomu River (Iron bridge) all within the Okomu National Park. Parameters such as Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Turbidity, pH, Electrical conductivity (EC), Chlorine (Cl), Nitrate (NO3), Sulphate (SO4), Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg), (Iron) Fe, Chromium (Cr), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Lead (Pb), and Nikel (Ni) were used to compute WQI and the values obtained for the wetland ranged between 34.36 and 167.28. The Index shows that pond 36, 52 and 54 are unfit for drinking with values between 103.86 and 167.28; ponds 61 and 64 are of the very poor quality category with WQI values of 95.19 and 92.44 respectively, Pond 90, pond 94, Arhakhuan Stream and Okomu River (Agekpukpu) are of poor quality and WQI values between and 53.58 and 73.15. Whereas, the Okomu River (Iron bridge) is within the good water quality (34.36) category. The Okomu River by Iron bridge is of good quality rating while other sampled points were of poor, very poor or unfit for drinking though these water bodies are mostly free from anthropogenic activities because of the conservative status of the study area. A major source of pollution within the wetland is surface runoff. The water quality of the wetland may not be suitable for man’s consumption especially pond water which are majorly impacted by runoff, yet very important for the survival and sustenance of the forest animals and plants. The water quality index (WQI) interprets physicochemical characteristics of water by providing a value which expresses the overall water quality and thus, reveals possible pollution problems of a water body. It turns complex water quality data into information that is easily understandable and usable by scientists, researchers and the general public.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Water Quality Index of River Musa for Drinking Purpose in Bida, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-61
Author(s):  
Abubakar Y. ◽  
Abdulrahman N.
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
River Water ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Need To Evaluate ◽  
Canadian Council ◽  
Indiscriminate Disposal ◽  
Drinking Purpose

River Musa in Bida, Nigeria is of great importance to the people of the town and its environs. Due to the indiscriminate disposal of domestic and industrial effluents into the river, there is a need to evaluate the river water quality for drinking purpose. The objective of this study was to evaluate some selected physicochemical parameters (Total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, ammonia (NH4), Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium and four heavy metals ( Fe, Pb, Cu and Mn)) of water from River Musa to reveal the detailed water quality of the river for its suitability for drinking purpose. To achieve this objective, the Canadian Council Water Quality index (CCWQI) was applied to the analytical results of the selected parameters to obtain a single value that was used to rank the river at each of the sampling locations. The annualaverage water quality indexes (for both rainy and dry season) at five locations are (40.9, 42, 40, 39.1 and 37.5). The results showed that the water quality of the entire river is poor (39.9) and the river water is not suitable for drinking purposes.

scholarly journals Development of a water quality index for watercourses downstream of harvested peatlands

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-131
Author(s):  
Hermine Betis ◽  
André St-Hilaire ◽  
Claude Fortin ◽  
Sophie Duchesne
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Water Quality Assessment ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Water Quality Data ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Canadian Council ◽  
Ccme Wqi

Abstract This study aimed to adapt the Water Quality Index of the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME WQI) for its application to water quality assessment of drainage water and watercourses downstream of peat harvesting operations. It integrates different parameters that potentially reflect the overall water quality condition of a stream. Thus, it is calculated using multivariate water quality data and accounts for their conformity with respect to water quality guidelines. Adaptation of the index proceeded to identify, through a literature review, the physico-chemical parameters that may change due to peat harvesting. The CCME WQI was used to compare water quality of receiving watercourses to that of streams located within a 200 km radius from the study sites in three regions of Quebec. The availability of water quality data guided the selection of parameters among those identified. They are ammonia, conductivity, pH and suspended sediment concentrations. Results indicated a significant difference between WQI values of water from harvested peatlands and those of streams in two of the three regions studied. Results have also shown that it is the pH guideline that is not respected in most cases for harvested peatlands. This article has been made Open Access thanks to the kind support of CAWQ/ACQE (https://www.cawq.ca).

scholarly journals Water quality index assessment of Koudiat Medouar Reservoir, northeast Algeria using weighted arithmetic index method

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soraya Bouslah ◽  
Lakhdar Djemili ◽  
Larbi Houichi
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Quality Level ◽  
Mathematical Tool ◽  
Index Method ◽  
Water Quality Data ◽  
Weighted Arithmetic

Abstract Water quality index (WQI) is a mathematical tool used to transform large quantities of water quality data into a single number which present water quality level. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the quality of Koudiat Medouar Dam in Batna (Algeria) to assess its suitability for drinking purposes. Samples were assessed for ten (10) physicochemical settings namely pH, electrical conductivity, total hardness, nitrate, sulphate, chloride, calcium, magnesium, dissolved oxygen and turbidity. The calculation of WQI was done via weighted arithmetic index method. The WQI values ranged from 99.097 to 174.92 during 2015. It reflected that the water samples were in February in the range of very poor quality and ranged to be in unsuitable for drinking rang in the all other months. The WQI of the present study reveals dam water is contaminated and not suitable for drinking purpose without giving treatment.

scholarly journals Water Quality Index (WQI) of River Tapti-Surat, Gujarat, India

2017 ◽  
pp. 390-399
Author(s):  
Jigna Desai Desai ◽  
S.K. Tank
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Canadian Council

Water quality monitoring is an important aspect of water management concerning to the pollution control. Present communication deals with study of physico-chemical parameters such as pH, temperature , total dissolved solids (TDS),total suspended solids (TSS), total alkalinity (TA), , total hardness (TH), chloride (Cl), fluoride (F), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulphate (SO4), nitrate(NO3), nitrite (NO2), dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and heavy metals like chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) of water samples from five sampling sites of River Tapti, Surat, Gujarat state, India. The water samples were collected at regular interval of 30 days for two consecutive years 2008-2009. The experimental values of water samples were compared with standard values given by World Health Organization (WHO). Water Quality Index (WQI) was also calculated to know the overall quality of water samples by using Water Rating System adapted by Canadian Council for Minister of the Environment (CCME-WQI). The data were analyzed statistically to identify those parameters which are responsible for variation in Water Quality Index (WQI). To identify those parameters we have done correlation analysis, testing of hypothesis, factor analysis and regression Analysis by using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science). The results show that the quality of water is poor and not good for drinking or irrigation purpose. The variance was found significant at 1% level of significance in case of and turbidity, BOD, Cr and Pb. It was found significant at 5% level in case of COD.

scholarly journals Spatial and Temporal Variations in Water Quality and Land Use in a Semi-Arid Catchment in Bolivia

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Gossweiler ◽  
Ingrid Wesström ◽  
Ingmar Messing ◽  
Ana Maria Romero ◽  
Abraham Joel
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Index Method ◽  
Water Quality Data

Increasing pressures caused by human activities pose a major threat to water availability and quality worldwide. Water resources have been declining in many catchments during recent decades. This study investigated patterns of river water quality status in a peri-urban/rural catchment in Bolivia in relation to land use during a 26 year period. Satellite images were used to determine changes in land use. To assess water quality, data in the dry season from former studies (1991–2014), complemented with newly collected data (2017), were analysed using the National Sanitation Foundation-Water Quality Index method and the Implicit Pollution Index method. The highest rates of relative increase in land use area were observed for forest, urban, and peri-urban areas, whereas relative decreases were observed for water infiltration zones, bare soil, shrubland, and grassland areas. The water quality indices revealed clear water quality deterioration over time, and from catchment headwaters to outlet. Statistical analyses revealed a significant relationship between decreasing water quality and urban expansion. These results demonstrate the need for an effective control programme, preferably based on water quality index approaches as in the present study and including continuous monitoring of runoff water, mitigation of pollution, and water quality restoration, in order to achieve proper water management and quality.

scholarly journals Development of a Universal Water Quality Index (UWQI) for South African River Catchments

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Talent Banda ◽  
Muthukrishnavellaisamy Kumarasamy
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
South African ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Index Number ◽  
Sudden Increase ◽  
Water Quality Data ◽  
The Ideal

The assessment of water quality has turned to be an ultimate goal for most water resource and environmental stakeholders, with ever-increasing global consideration. Against this backdrop, various tools and water quality guidelines have been adopted worldwide to govern water quality deterioration and institute the sustainable use of water resources. Water quality impairment is mainly associated with a sudden increase in population and related proceedings, which include urbanization, industrialization and agricultural production, among others. Such socio-economic activities accelerate water contamination and cause pollution stress to the aquatic environment. Scientifically based water quality index (WQI) models are then essentially important to measure the degree of contamination and advise whether specific water resources require restoration and to what extent. Such comprehensive evaluations reflect the integrated impact of adverse parameter concentrations and assist in the prioritization of remedial actions. WQI is a simple, yet intelligible and systematically structured, indexing scale beneficial for communicating water quality data to non-technical individuals, policymakers and, more importantly, water scientists. The index number is normally presented as a relative scale ranging from zero (worst quality) to one hundred (best quality). WQIs simplify and streamline what would otherwise be impractical assignments, thus justifying the efforts of developing water quality indices (WQIs). Generally, WQIs are not designed for broad applications; they are customarily developed for specific watersheds and/or regions, unless different basins share similar attributes and test a comparable range of water quality parameters. Their design and formation are governed by their intended use together with the degree of accuracy required, and such technicalities ultimately define the application boundaries of WQIs. This is perhaps the most demanding scientific need—that is, to establish a universal water quality index (UWQI) that can function in most, if not all, the catchments in South Africa. In cognizance of such a need, this study attempts to provide an index that is not limited to certain application boundaries, with a contribution that is significant not only to the authors, but also to the nation at large. The proposed WQI is based on the weighted arithmetic sum method, with parameters, weight coefficients and sub-index rating curves established through expert opinion in the form of the participation-based Rand Corporation’s Delphi Technique and extracts from the literature. UWQI functions with thirteen explanatory variables, which are NH3, Ca, Cl, Chl-a, EC, F, CaCO3, Mg, Mn, NO3, pH, SO4 and turbidity (NTU). Based on the model validation analysis, UWQI is considered robust and technically stable, with negligible variation from the ideal values. Moreover, the prediction pattern corresponds to the ideal graph with comparable index scores and identical classification grades, which signifies the readiness of the model to appraise water quality status across South African watersheds. The research article intends to substantiate the methods used and document the results achieved.

scholarly journals Evaluation water quality of Diyala River in Iraq using Bhargava method

2018 ◽  
Vol 162 ◽  
pp. 05001
Author(s):  
Nawar Al-Musawi
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
River Water ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
The Third ◽  
Tigris River ◽  
Good For ◽  
Diyala River

Diyala River is a tributary of Tigris River, it is one of the important rivers in Iraq. It covers a total distance of 445 km (275 miles). 32600 km2 is the area that drains by Diyala River between Iraqi-Iranian borders. This research aims to evaluate the water quality index WQI of Diyala River, where three stations were chosen along the river. These stations are D12 at Jalawlaa City at the beginning of Diyala River, the second station is D15 at Baaquba City at the mid distance of the river, and the third station is D17 which is the last station before the confluence of Diyala River with Tigris River at Baghdad city. Bhargava method was used in order to evaluate the water quality index for both irrigation and drinking uses. The results indicated that Diyala river water quality at its beginning was excellent for irrigation and good for drinking, while at the mid distance of the river, it was good for irrigation but heavily polluted and unsafe for drinking. Water quality of the river at the third site was acceptable for irrigation but again severely polluted and unsafe for drinking.

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