scholarly journals Clara Immerwahr and the time of the twilight of pacifism

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-352
Author(s):  
Nada Sekulic
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Chemical Weapons ◽  
World War ◽  
Basic Strategy ◽  
The World ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Modern Warfare ◽  
The Impact

The text deals with the significance of the life of Clara Immerwahr as a symbol in understanding the devastating impact of the use of chemical weapons in World War I. With the use of these weapons, an accelerated arms race began as part of the basic strategy of modern warfare and the creation of a ?triumvirate? between economy, war and capitalism, which continues to this day with catastrophic consequences and the spread of war and environmental hotspots around the world. Clara Immerwahr symbolizes the irreplaceability of humanity as a factor in the appreciation of any great historical act and the significance of any invention or progress. The text also addresses the impact of war on women's emancipation at the beginning of the 20th century.

The Unraveling

2021 ◽  
pp. 69-90
Author(s):  
David Bosco
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War I ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
World War ◽  
Labor Regulations ◽  
Naval Power ◽  
The World

The world wars of the 20th century saw the collapse of pre-war rules designed to protect merchant shipping from interference. In both wars, combatants engaged in unrestricted submarine warfare and imposed vast ocean exclusion zones, leading to unprecedented interference with ocean commerce. After World War I, the United States began to supplant Britain as the leading naval power, and it feuded with Britain over maritime rights. Other developments in the interwar period included significant state-sponsored ocean research, including activity by Germany in the Atlantic and the Soviets in the Arctic. Maritime commerce was buffeted by the shocks of the world wars. Eager to trim costs, US shipping companies experimented with “flags of convenience” to avoid new national safety and labor regulations. The question of the breadth of the territorial sea remained unresolved, as governments bickered about the appropriate outer limit of sovereign control.

scholarly journals Sanatoria in the first half of the XX century in the province of Vojvodina

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dusanka Dobanovacki ◽  
Milan Breberina ◽  
Bozica Vujosevic ◽  
Marija Pecanac ◽  
Nenad Zakula ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Concentration Camps ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Novi Sad ◽  
The City

Following the shift in therapy of tuberculosis in the mid-19th century, by the beginning of the 20th century numerous tuberculosis sanatoria were established in Western Europe. Being an institutional novelty in the medical practice, sanatoria spread within the first 20 years of the 20th century to Central and Eastern Europe, including the southern region of the Panonian plain, the present-day Province of Vojvodina in Serbia north of the rivers Sava and Danube. The health policy and regulations of the newly built state - the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians/Yugoslavia, provided a rather liberal framework for introducing the concept of sanatorium. Soon after the World War I there were 14 sanatoria in this region, and the period of their expansion was between 1920 and 1939 when at least 27 sanatoria were founded, more than half of the total number of 46 sanatoria in the whole state in that period. However, only two of these were for pulmonary diseases. One of them was privately owned the open public sanatorium the English-Yugoslav Hospital for Paediatric Osteo-Articular Tuberculosis in Sremska Kamenica, and the other was state-run (at Iriski venac, on the Fruska Gora mountain, as a unit of the Department for Lung Disease of the Main Regional Hospital). All the others were actually small private specialized hospitals in 6 towns (Novi Sad, Subotica, Sombor, Vrbas, Vrsac, Pancevo,) providing medical treatment of well-off, mostly gynaecological and surgical patients. The majority of sanatoria founded in the period 1920-1939 were in or close to the city of Novi Sad, the administrative headquarters of the province (the Danube Banovina at that time) with a growing population. A total of 10 sanatoria were open in the city of Novi Sad, with cumulative bed capacity varying from 60 to 130. None of these worked in newly built buildings, but in private houses adapted for medical purpose in accordance with legal requirements. The decline of sanatoria in Vojvodina began with the very outbreak of the World War II and they never regained their social role. Soon after the Hungarian fascist occupation the majority of owners/ founders were terrorized and forced to close their sanatoria, some of them to leave country and some were even killed or deported to concentration camps.

scholarly journals Air Power as a Security Factor: Case study Syria

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-230
Author(s):  
Pavel NEČAS ◽  
Martina VACKOVÁ ◽  
Peter LOŠONCZI
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Supersonic Jet ◽  
World War ◽  
Air Power ◽  
Art Of War ◽  
The World ◽  
Modern Warfare ◽  
State Of Art ◽  
The Art Of War

The aim of our work was to identify the role and the potential of the Air Power in modern warfare as a security factor. The Air Power itself is a concept, which had initially materialized almost one hundred years ago over the battlefields of the World War I. Since then we could witness a staging development in the field of technology and the Art of War, which momentum and scope has no precedence in history. In other words, it has taken less than one hundred years for human to move from fragile and underpowered biplanes to supersonic jet fighters and stealth bombers, which represent a state of art technology of mankind. Such speed in development had no precedence in any other operational domain, except maybe of cyberspace.

Project of Resolving the Belarusian Issue During World War I (1914–1918): Regional Aspects

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 248-256
Author(s):  
Dmitry S. Lavrinivich
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
World War I ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
National Development ◽  
World War ◽  
Independent State ◽  
National Movement ◽  
The World ◽  
National Autonomy

At the beginning of the World War I, the center of Belarusian national movement was located in Vilna, where the editors of «Nasha Niva» journal and the « Belarusian society» formed two main views on the national development of the Belarusian people in the 20th century. The first project assumed national autonomy within the Federal Russian Republic. The representatives of the latter advocated the cultural and economic development of the Belarusian people while maintaining close ties with Russia. After the occupation of Vilna by the German troops and the fall of the tsarist government in 1917 independent Belarusian organizations emerged in all provincial cities and towns. Belarusian organizations, with centers in Minsk, advocated the national-territorial autonomy of Belarus as part of democratic Russia, and then the idea of creating an independent state, the Belarusian People’s Republic, prevailed. Belarusian organizations of Mogilev province were influenced by the ideology of Westrusism, but gradually evolved to the left and became closer to the Belarusian Socialist Community (BSG). The most conservative organization, the Belarusian People’s Union, operated in Vitebsk province.

scholarly journals Clinical Chemistry Since 1800: Growth and Development

2002 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 186-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Rosenfeld
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
World War ◽  
New Members ◽  
Practice Of Medicine ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Diagnostic Values ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The 19th and 20th centuries witnessed the growth and development of clinical chemistry. Many of the individuals and the significance of their contributions are not very well known, especially to new members of the profession. This survey should help familiarize them with the names and significance of the contributions of physicians and chemists such as Fourcroy, Berzelius, Liebig, Prout, Bright, and Rees. Folin and Van Slyke are better known, and it was their work near the end of the second decade of the 20th century that brought the clinical chemist out of the annex of the mortuary and into close relationship with the patient at the bedside. However, the impact on clinical chemistry and the practice of medicine by the 1910 exposé written by Abraham Flexner is not as well known as it deserves to be, nor is the impetus that World War I gave to the spread of laboratory medicine generally known. In the closing decades of the 20th century, automated devices produced an overabundance, and an overuse and misuse, of testing to the detriment of careful history taking and bedside examination of the patient. This is attributable in part to a fascination with machine-produced data. There was also an increased awareness of the value of chemical methods of diagnosis and the need to bring clinician and clinical chemist into a closer partnership. Clinical chemists were urged to develop services into dynamic descriptions of the diagnostic values of laboratory results and to identify medical relevance in interpreting significance for the clinician.

scholarly journals KEMIČNO OROŽJE – POSEBNOST PRVE SVETOVNE VOJNE ALI ŠE DANES PRETEČA NEVARNOST

2014 ◽  
pp. 31-49
Author(s):  
VALERIJA BERNIK
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Final Outcome ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Chemical Weapons ◽  
Great War ◽  
Mustard Gas ◽  
Psychological Consequences ◽  
World War ◽  
The Great War

Kemično orožje je svoj največji razmah doživelo med prvo svetovno vojno, ko so ga uporabljale sile obeh v vojno vpletenih strani, čeprav je bila s haaškimi deklaracijami uporaba strupov v bojne namene prepovedana že pred vojno. Med prvo svetovno vojno je bilo razvitih in uporabljenih več vrst kemičnega orožja, pri čemer so največjo uporabnost ter uničevalno moč pokazali klor, fosgen in iperit. Odziv na uporabo smrtonosnega tihega orožja je bil razvoj zaščitnih mask, pri čemer pa mnoge niso zadoščale standardom in so se v kriznih trenutkih pokazale kot neučinkovite. Uporaba kemičnega orožja je v prvi svetovni vojni povzročila veliko žrtev, vendar ni odločilno vplivala na končni izid vojne. Zaradi izjemne smrtonosnosti in uničujočih fizioloških ter psiholoških posledic, ki jih je povzročilo kemično orožje v času tako imenovane Velike vojne, so si mednarodne sile po letu 1918 prizadevale zagotoviti, da se ta tihi ubijalec ne bi več uporabljal v bojne namene. To je bil tudi eden izmed vzrokov, zakaj ni prišlo do večjega razmaha uporabe kemičnega orožja po tem letu. Prizadevanja mednarodne skupnosti po izkoreninjenju bojnih strupov pa niso preprečila razvoja znanosti, ki je v 20. stoletju prinesel odkritja novih strupenih orožij, ki jih v prvi svetovni vojni še niso poznali. Chemical weapons saw their largest growth during World War I, when it was used by the forces of both involved parties despite the fact that the use of casualty agents had been banned by Hague declarations even before the war. Several types of chemical weapons were used and developed during World War I with chloride, phosgene and mustard gas proving to be most useful and destructive. As a response to the use of this lethal silent weapon protection masks were developed. However, many of them did not meet the standards and proved to be ineffective during crisis. The use of chemical weapons in World War I caused numerous casualties, but did not decisively impact the final outcome of the war. Due to the extremely lethal nature and devastating physiological and psychological consequences caused by chemical weapons during the Great War, international forces after 1918 made every effort to never use this silent murderer in combat again. This was also one of the reasons why chemical weapons did not see too large of a development after this period. However, international efforts to root out casualty agents did not prevent the scientific development, which in the 20th century brought the discovery of new toxic weapons which had not been known during World War I.

The World War I Diary of Albert Huet

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-27
Author(s):  
Hélène Huet
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
World War ◽  
Digital Services ◽  
Short Biography ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

This article focuses on my digital project, “The World War I Diary of Albert Huet.” First I provide an introduction about the project, including a short biography of Albert Huet, my great-grandfather, and explain how the project came to be, notably focusing on the help from the George A. Smathers Libraries digital services in digitizing the documents and making available online in UFDC. Then, I discuss what Albert’s diary can teach us about the French soldiers’ experience during WWI. Albert just like so many other men, grew up in the countryside, with a very limited education, and found himself at 18 on the battlefields with no training at all. This experience really had a profound negative impact on his life. Finally, I  discuss the impact this digital project has had since it launched in 2016. In addition to being featured in classrooms assignments and on a major WWI research website, the project was used by Dr. Lynn Palermo from Susquehanna University who funded two undergraduate students to work on translating the diary.  This example highlights how digital projects can be enriched by collaboration across institutions.

Brazil in the First World War

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Rinke
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Latin American ◽  
The United States ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Active Interest ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First World

When news broke of the war in Europe, there was talk of a catastrophe that, as a result of the close-knit global entanglements, would embroil the world in an unprecedented crisis. The world dimensions of the events were in evidence to contemporary Latin American observers from early on. Despite the region’s considerable distance from the battlefields, the First World War was felt more than any other previous event outside Latin America in Brazil, and it was clear that its repercussions would affect the lives of average citizens. The relative isolation from which people in the region had witnessed other conflicts in Europe prior to 1914 came to an end. Many Brazilians took an active interest in the war. They participated in the debates about the end of Western hegemony and the downfall of Europe, which took place around the world and would become emblematic of the 20th century. The perception of the war followed a global logic, as Brazil was entangled in the events because of the new type of economic and propaganda war. Modern historiography largely ignored the impact of the war in Brazil, although a number of treatises appeared immediately after the conflict. It was not until the advent of dependence theory that interest was rekindled in the significance of the First World War. The picture changed in 2014 when several important studies integrated new perspectives of cultural and global history. While the First World War may have long been a marginal concern of Brazilian historiography, it was even more common to find “general” histories of the conflagration devoid of any perspective other than the European and that of the United States. But in the total wars of the 20th century, even a neutral country could not remain passive. As a result of its natural resources and strategic position, Brazil was to become an actor in this conflagration.

RECORDING WORLD WARS

2014 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 801-807
Author(s):  
miriam cooke
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Virginia Woolf ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Wilfred Owen

World War I inspired countless artists, poets, novelists, and even soldiers across the world to record their unimaginable experiences and to reject the millennial lie: dulce et decorum est pro patria mori (it is sweet and appropriate to die for one's country). Early 20th-century European writers like Wilfred Owen, Virginia Woolf, Erich Maria Remarque, and Henri Barbusse have become household names. Less well known are the Arab civilians and soldier writers who struggled on the edges of the war's fronts.

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