scholarly journals Sexual dimorphism and specificities of psychopharmacological treatment in women

2013 ◽  
Vol 141 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 116-120
Author(s):  
Saveta Draganic-Gajic ◽  
Dusica Lecic-Tosevski ◽  
Milica Pejovic-Milovancevic ◽  
Smiljka Popovic-Deusic ◽  
Goran Gajic
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mentally Ill ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Gender Dimorphism ◽  
Psychopharmacological Treatment ◽  
Hormonal Fluctuations ◽  
Hormonal System ◽  
And Behavior

The scope of gender related differences observed in mentally ill persons provides a major source of inference about the role of gonadal steroids in brain function and behavior. Reported gender dimorphism in psychiatry includes the following: prevalence of certain mental disorders specific to female gender, phenomenology and treatment characteristics, i.e. response to the applied psychopharmacotherapy. Structural and functional relationship between the hormonal system and central nervous system is closely correlated with vulnerability to various psychopathological disturbances in biologically different stages in women. It has been observed, for instance, that the association of gonadal steroid activity with serotonin is relevant to mood change in premenstrual and postpartum mood disturbances. Gender related hormonal fluctuations may cause or be correlated with the development of several gender-related psychopathological disturbances. The aim of this article is to review the literature concerning gender-related specificities of psychopharmacological treatment of some of the most important mental disorders in women, such as affective disorder in menopause, premenstrual syndrome and postpartum mood disorders.

scholarly journals The Construction of Socio-Cultural Stigmatization of Mental Disorders: A Study on the Forms and Factors of Stigma

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Bambang Dharwiyanto Putro
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Public Stigma ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
The Public ◽  
Life History Data ◽  
The People ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Depth Interviews

The construction of socio-cultural stigmatization on the understanding of mental disorders is particularly interesting to study in the people with mental disorders who received treatment at the Mental Hospital. Mental disorder is a disease caused by the chaos of thoughts, perceptions and behavior in which the individualaare not able to adjust to themselves, other people, society and the environment. By applying the cultural studies viewpoint that is siding with the oppressed, the study aims to determine the forms and factors causing the stigma of people with mental disorders. The research method used is observation, in-depth interviews and life history data collection. The collected data were then analyzed using qualitative descriptive and interpretative. The results showed that the forms of stigma with mental disorders are divided into two, namely the public stigma (stigma derived from the community) and self-stigma (stigma comes from the patient and his own family). The forms of the public stigma include rejection, exclusion, and violence. The self-stigma takes the forms, among others, prejudice, guilt, fear and anger. Factors behind the stigma of mental disorders are external and internal factors. External factors include, among others, the madness is a disgrace, the myth of mental illness, and people's belief regarding the role of dukun. While the internal factors are family knowledge of the etiology of mental disorders, lack of family support and feelings of shame.

scholarly journals Diet, Stress and Mental Health

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2428 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Douglas Bremner ◽  
Kasra Moazzami ◽  
Matthew T. Wittbrodt ◽  
Jonathon A. Nye ◽  
Bruno B. Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Causal Pathways ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fats ◽  
As Stress ◽  
Acute Changes ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

Introduction: There has long been an interest in the effects of diet on mental health, and the interaction of the two with stress; however, the nature of these relationships is not well understood. Although associations between diet, obesity and the related metabolic syndrome (MetS), stress, and mental disorders exist, causal pathways have not been established. Methods: We reviewed the literature on the relationship between diet, stress, obesity and psychiatric disorders related to stress. Results: Diet and obesity can affect mood through direct effects, or stress-related mental disorders could lead to changes in diet habits that affect weight. Alternatively, common factors such as stress or predisposition could lead to both obesity and stress-related mental disorders, such as depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Specific aspects of diet can lead to acute changes in mood as well as stimulate inflammation, which has led to efforts to assess polyunsaturated fats (PUFA) as a treatment for depression. Bidirectional relationships between these different factors are also likely. Finally, there has been increased attention recently on the relationship between the gut and the brain, with the realization that the gut microbiome has an influence on brain function and probably also mood and behavior, introducing another way diet can influence mental health and disorders. Brain areas and neurotransmitters and neuropeptides that are involved in both mood and appetite likely play a role in mediating this relationship. Conclusions: Understanding the relationship between diet, stress and mood and behavior could have important implications for the treatment of both stress-related mental disorders and obesity.

Sameness and Otherness in Psychiatry

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
M. Musalek
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mentally Ill ◽  
Treatment Approach ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Treatment Programs ◽  
Medical Doctors ◽  
Profound Change ◽  
Strongly Connected ◽  
The One

In psychiatry the interplay of sameness and otherness is of special interest and importance. Patients suffering from mental disorders are deeply affected by the experience of the otherness of oneself and the resulting marked changes in the surrounding world. Otherness is strongly connected with alienation, again a phenomenon which most of our patients with mental disorders suffer from. In this context we should not forget, however, that in former times medical doctors dealing professionally with mental disorders were called alienists indicating on the one hand that they are treating ‘aliens’ but on the other hand indicating the ‘alien role’ of psychiatrists. Alienation leads quite often to objections and hostile behaviour. For these reasons hospitality has to play a profound role in treatment programs for patients suffering from mental disorders and their aftermaths. J.Derrida rightly underlined the structural similarity of the words hostility and hospitality. Treatment settings are usually characterized by mutual and ambiguous relations between sameness and otherness, between acceptance and rejection, welcoming and refusal, integration and disintegration. This means that the problems resulting from the interplay of the sameness and otherness do not affect only patents but also treatment teams. One of the way-outs of the dilemma may be a profound change in treating persons with mental disorders - from the monologue of professionals to the mentally ill patients (no seldom leading to the experience of alienation) to a professional dialogue in a warm atmosphere of hospitality opening the chance for a concerted treatment approach based on reciprocity and confidence.

Sarcopenia and the Common Mental Disorders: a Potential Regulatory Role of Skeletal Muscle on Brain Function?

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 351-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie A. Pasco ◽  
Lana J. Williams ◽  
Felice N. Jacka ◽  
Nicole Stupka ◽  
Sharon L. Brennan-Olsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Regulatory Role ◽  
The Common ◽  
Potential Regulatory Role

scholarly journals Clinical characteristics of different nationalities, who committed suicide attempts and were hospitalized in a psychiatric hospital

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 114-118
Author(s):  
E S Mekhtiyev ◽  
S E Abbasova ◽  
O G Kasimov ◽  
K V Dnov
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Hospital ◽  
Mentally Ill ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Gunshot Wounds ◽  
Organic Mental Disorders ◽  
Substance Abuse Disorders ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Suicidal Patients

The clinical characteristics of persons of Talysh and Lezghin nationalities who committed suicide attempts and were hospitalized in this regard in a psychiatric hospital are analyzed. It was established that among the suicides of the Talysh nationalities the largest were the shares of people who had suicidal actions in response to severe stress and adaptation disorders, as well as organic mental disorders (32,4% each). Significantly less frequent were patients with personality and behavior disorders - 13,7% (χ2=8,96; p=0,003), schizophrenia, schizotypic and delusional disorders - 8,8% (χ2=15,86; p0,001). Among the psychiatric disorders, the psychiatric hospital of the Lezghin nationality was dominated by organic mental disorders (27,7%) among suicidal patients. Less common were personality and behavioral disorders at a young age of18,5% (χ2=1,08; p=0,29); schizophrenia, schizotypic and delusional disorders - 15.4% (χ2=2,23; p=0,135) and psychiatric and psychiatric substance abuse disorders - 12,3% (χ2=3,89; p=0,048). Officers of the Talysh and Lezghin nationalities resorted to poisoning with equal frequency - 82,1 and 81,8%, less often - firearms - 13,4% (χ2=92,7; p0,001) and 13,7% (χ2=89, 9; p0,001); hanging - 4,5% (χ2=117,5; p0,001). Talysh rank and file officers often chose hanging and poisoning- 42,9 and 40%; less often they caused gunshot injuries - 17,1% (χ2=4,35; p=0,036). Lezgin’s soldiers used gunshot wounds more often - 42,9%, less often poisoning - 33,3% (χ2=0,1; p=0,75) and hanging - 23,8% (χ2=0,32; p=0,96). In general, the incidence of suicides in mentally ill patients depends on the combination of the following factors: the prevalence rate of suicides in the general population; ethnicity of patients; level of organization and access to psychiatric care. Various combinations of these factors determine the prevalence of suicide among patients with mental disorders.

The Role of Central Mast Cells in the Modulation of Brain Function and Behavior

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 1597
Author(s):  
Fan ZHANG ◽  
Wu YONG ◽  
Feng SHAO ◽  
Weiwen WANG
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cells ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
And Behavior

scholarly journals Classical conditioning of analgesic and hyperalgesic pain responses without conscious awareness

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (25) ◽  
pp. 7863-7867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Jensen ◽  
Irving Kirsch ◽  
Sara Odmalm ◽  
Ted J. Kaptchuk ◽  
Martin Ingvar
Keyword(s):  
Classical Conditioning ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Conscious Awareness ◽  
Conditioned Analgesia ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Conditioning Stimuli

Pain reduction and enhancement can be produced by means of conditioning procedures, yet the role of awareness during the acquisition stage of classical conditioning is unknown. We used psychophysical measures to establish whether conditioned analgesic and hyperalgesic responses could be acquired by unseen (subliminally presented) stimuli. A 2 × 2 factorial design, including subliminal/supraliminal exposures of conditioning stimuli (CS) during acquisition/extinction, was used. Results showed significant analgesic and hyperalgesic responses (P < 0.001), and responses were independent of CS awareness, as subliminal/supraliminal cues during acquisition/extinction led to comparable outcomes. The effect was significantly larger for hyperalgesic than analgesic responses (P < 0.001). Results demonstrate that conscious awareness of the CS is not required during either acquisition or extinction of conditioned analgesia or hyperalgesia. Our results support the notion that nonconscious stimuli have a pervasive effect on human brain function and behavior and may affect learning of complex cognitive processes such as psychologically mediated analgesic and hyperalgesic responses.

Individual Differences in the Name Similarity Effect

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-118
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Howard ◽  
Roger A. Kerin
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Impression Management ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Purchase Intentions ◽  
Brand Attitude ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Similarity Effect ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Usage Context

The name similarity effect is the tendency to like people, places, and things with names similar to our own. Although many researchers have examined name similarity effects on preferences and behavior, no research to date has examined whether individual differences exist in susceptibility to those effects. This research reports the results of two experiments that examine the role of self-monitoring in moderating name similarity effects. In the first experiment, name similarity effects on brand attitude and purchase intentions were found to be stronger for respondents high, rather than low, in self-monitoring. In the second experiment, the interactive effect observed in the first study was found to be especially true in a public (vs. private) usage context. These findings are consistent with theoretical expectations of name similarity effects as an expression of egotism manifested in the image and impression management concerns of high self-monitors.

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