scholarly journals Leaf structural adaptations of two Limonium miller (Plumbaginales, Plumbaginaceae) taxa

2013 ◽  
pp. 43-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lana Zoric ◽  
Goran Anackov ◽  
Dunja Karanovic ◽  
Jadranka Lukovic
Keyword(s):  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
High Dimensions ◽  
Salt Glands ◽  
Abaxial Epidermis ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Saline Habitats ◽  
Flat Cell ◽  
Palisade Cells ◽  
Limonium Gmelinii ◽  
Structural Adaptations

Limonium gmelinii (Willd.) O. Kuntze 1891 subsp. hungaricum (Klokov) So? is Pannonian endemic subspecies that inhabits continental halobiomes, while Limonium anfractum (Salmon) Salmon 1924 is one of the indicators of halophyte vegetation of marine rocks and its distribution is restricted to the southern parts of Mediterranean Sea coast. In this work, micromorphological and anatomical characters of leaves of these two Limonium taxa were analyzed, in order to examine their adaptations to specific environmental conditions on saline habitats. The results showed that both taxa exhibited strong xeromorphic adaptations that reflected in flat cell walls of epidermal cells, thick cuticle, high palisade/spongy tissue ratio, high index of palisade cells, the presence of sclereid idioblasts in leaf mesophyll and mechanical tissue by phloem and xylem. Both taxa are crynohalophytes and have salt glands on adaxial and abaxial epidermis for excretion of surplus salt. Relatively high dimensions of mesophyll cells, absence of non-glandular hairs and unprotected stomata slightly increased above the level of epidermal cells, are also adaptations to increased salinity.

Histopathological and ultrastructural comparison of Stemphylium sarcinaeforme and S. botryosum on red clover foliage

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (17) ◽  
pp. 2097-2108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verna J. Higgins ◽  
G. L. Lazarovits
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Toluidine Blue Staining ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Wall Appositions ◽  
Palisade Cells

As part of a continuing study of non-host resistance, red clover leaves inoculated with the clover pathogen Stemphylium sarcinaeforme, or the closely related alfalfa pathogen S. botryosum, were examined by light and electron microscopy to compare the events occurring in the initial stages of infection. Stemphylium botryosum penetrated leaves primarily via the stomata with resultant death of the guard cells and with varying effects on adjacent epidermal cells. Appressoria were frequently formed, and although they rarely resulted in successful penetrations, the contacted epidermal cells were often markedly affected as judged by toluidine blue staining. Growth of hyphae was intercellular but very limited in its extent. At some infection sites, one to several mesophyll cells underwent extensive plasmolysis and cytoplasmic disruption. Less severely affected mesophyll cells contained large lipid bodies, abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi vesicles and had wall appositions at points of contact with necrotic cells or with hyphae. Stemphylium sarcinaeforme generally penetrated between or directly through the epidermal cells, causing death of the contacted cells. Hyphae grew intercellularly or intracellularly in the palisade tissue and hyphal elongation was considerably more rapid than that of S. botryosum. Palisade cells adjacent to, or containing, the hyphae underwent several different types of cytoplasmic deterioration. Mesophyll cells surrounding these areas showed the same features as comparable cells in tissue infected by S. botryosum. In tissue infected by either fungus, the exterior of host cell walls was coated with a layer of extracellular material.

An analysis of the effects of gibberellic acid on the leaflet structure of dwarf cultivars of pea (Pisum sativum)

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (10) ◽  
pp. 1089-1092 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Israelstam ◽  
Erica Davis
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Spongy Mesophyll ◽  
Number Of Layers ◽  
Dwarf Cultivar ◽  
Palisade Cells ◽  
Degree Of Differentiation

The effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) on the penultimate leaflets of dwarf and normal cultivars of pea were investigated. In control plants, the leaflets of the dwarf were heavier, thicker, and had a smaller surface area than the normal. Epidermal and palisade cells of the dwarf were longer than those of the normal cultivar and the dwarf had longer spongy mesophyll cells and more layers of spongy mesophyll than the normal, with fewer intercellular spaces.Application of GA3 to dwarf plants increased leaflet surface area and length of epidermal cells, while leaflet weight and thickness and the number of layers of spongy mesophyll cells decreased. No significant changes in the leaflet of the normal cultivar were induced by GA3.The overall effect of GA3 application to the dwarf cultivar was to induce a degree of differentiation in the penultimate leaflets such that they tended to resemble more closely those of the normal cultivar.

scholarly journals Environmental effect on the leaf morphology and anatomy of Berberis microphylla G. Forst

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Radice ◽  
Miriam E. Arena
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Tierra Del Fuego ◽  
Buenos Aires Province ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Abaxial Epidermis ◽  
Palisade Cells

<em>Berberis microphylla</em> G. Forst is a fruit shrub native from Patagonia, considered as a non-timber forest product. In recent years, there has been an increased demand for its fruits, both for fresh and industrialized consumption, being the establishment of commercial orchards in different sites a need to meet this demand. <em>B. microphylla</em> cloned plants have been introduced from Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego to Buenos Aires province in order to evaluate its phenotypic plasticity and the possibility of fruit production. At the same time, a comparative study on the morphology and anatomy of the mature leaves of <em>B. microphylla</em> grown in two different environmental conditions was carried out. Moreno leaves were significantly larger than Ushuaia leaves in all the morphological parameters registered, while Ushuaia leaves were more circular than Moreno leaves with the highest roundness and elongation indexes. Nevertheless, histological sections showed that Ushuaia leaves have one more layer of palisade cells respect to Moreno leaves. Ushuaia leaves showed higher palisade cells, larger abaxial epidermal cells and thicker cuticles than Moreno leaves. The stomatal density was superior on Moreno leaves. Scanning Electron Microscope of abaxial epidermis showed a surface with numerous ridges of different forms that prevent the layout of epidermal cells on Moreno leaves. Appearance of this surface is glossy and oily. On the contrary, epidermal cells are well recognized on Ushuaia leaves. Stomata of anomocytic type were observed and surface looks waxy. Auto-fluorescence on leaf cross sections were observed on the vascular bundles and partially on the epidermis cells. <em>B.</em> <em>microphylla</em> leaves showed a high phenotypic plasticity between the two sites of cultivation. The changes in the leaf morphology and structure observed in Moreno leaves could indicate that the plants are trying to adjust its morphology to the new culture conditions <em>i.e.</em> higher temperatures and lower irradiance.

Development of epidermal crystals in leaflets of Stylosanthes guianensis (Leguminosae; Papilionoideae)

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1664-1670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curt L. Brubaker ◽  
Harry T. Horner
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Spongy Parenchyma ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Palisade Parenchyma ◽  
Abaxial Epidermis ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Stylosanthes Guianensis ◽  
Wall Materials ◽  
Cell Wall Materials

In developing leaflets of Stylosanthes guianensis (Aubl.) Sw., twin prismatic calcium oxalate crystals form in adaxial and abaxial epidermal crystal idioblasts. These cells eventually die and collapse, leaving the crystals embedded in a matrix of cutin and cell-wall materials. Adaxial crystal idioblasts develop above large conical cells that, in turn, are interspersed among smaller, multiple-layered palisade parenchyma. Abaxial crystal idioblasts develop beneath a uniseriate layer of large horizontally branched cells abutting the abaxial epidermis. Spongy parenchyma occupies the middle mesophyll above the layer of branched cells. The abaxial crystals and the branched cells of the lowermost mesophyll develop simultaneously. Adaxial crystals and the conical cells develop later and in conjunction with each other. In mature leaflets, the adaxial and abaxial crystals and their associated collapsed crystal idioblasts form networks, the interstices of which are occupied by either single stomates and accompanying epidermal cells (adaxial) or clusters of stomates and accompanying epidermal cells (abaxial). Epidermal crystals are known from other Leguminosae; however, to our knowledge this is the first report where epidermal crystal development involving cell death and collapse is correlated with two types of specialized mesophyll cells.

scholarly journals Ultrastructural and Surface Features of Apple Leaves following White Apple Leafhopper Feeding

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-251
Author(s):  
Robert M. Welker ◽  
Richard P. Marini ◽  
Douglas G. Pfeiffer
Keyword(s):  
Cell Injury ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Feeding Damage ◽  
Abaxial Epidermis ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Spongy Mesophyll ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Feeding Area ◽  
Palisade Cells

White apple leafhopper (WALH; Typhlocyba pomaria McAtee) feeding damage on apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) leaves was examined with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. WALH created feeding holes in the (lower) abaxial epidermis, with no visible exterior evidence of cell injury to the adaxial (upper) epidermis. Feeding holes were located in areas of the leaf with high stomatal density and were near stomata. Groups of cells in the palisade layers were empty or contained coagulated cell contents. Adjacent, apparently noninjured, palisade cells contained an abundance of starch granules, possibly indicating that photoassimilate export was impaired. Spongy mesophyll cells abaxial to the feeding area were left intact as were the epidermal cells adaxial to the feeding area. External views of either epidermis and internal leaf views of injured cells indicated no cell wall collapse.

scholarly journals Histological Study of Some Echium vulgare, Pulmonaria officinalis and Symphytum officinale Populations

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1100601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nóra Papp ◽  
Tímea Bencsik ◽  
Kitti Németh ◽  
Kinga Gyergyák ◽  
Alexandra Sulc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Histological Study ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Leaf Mesophyll ◽  
Symphytum Officinale ◽  
Radial Cell ◽  
Palisade Cells ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
Ecological Habitats

Plants living in different ecological habitats can show significant variability in their histological and phytochemical characters. The main histological features of various populations of three medicinal plants from the Boraginaceae family were studied. Stems, petioles and leaves were investigated by light microscopy in vertical and transverse sections. The outline of the epidermal cells, as well as the shape and cell number of trichomes was studied in leaf surface casts. Differences were measured among the populations of Echium vulgare in the width and height of epidermis cells in the stem, petiole and leaf, as well as in the size of palisade cells in the leaves. Among the populations of Pulmonaria officinalis significant differences were found in the length of trichomes and in the slightly or strongly wavy outline of epidermal radial cell walls. Populations of Symphytum officinale showed variance in the height of epidermal cells in leaves and stems, length of palisade cells and number of intercellular spaces in leaves, and the size of the central cavity in the stem. Boraginaceae bristles were found to be longer in plants in windy/shady habitats as opposed to sunny habitats, both in the leaves and stems of P. officinalis and S. officinale, which might be connected to varying levels of exposure to wind. Longer epidermal cells were detected in the leaves and stems of both E. vulgare and S. officinale plants living in shady habitats, compared with shorter cells in sunny habitats. Leaf mesophyll cells were shorter in shady habitats as opposed to longer cells in sunny habitats, both in E. vulgare and S. officinale. This combination of histological characters may contribute to the plant's adaptation to various amounts of sunshine. The reported data prove the polymorphism of the studied taxa, as well as their ability to adapt to various ecological circumstances.

Incorporation of [14C]Phenylalanine and [14C] Cinnamic Acid into Leaf Pieces and Mesophyll Protoplasts from Oat Primary Leaves for Studies on Flavonoid Metabolism at the Tissue and Cell Level

1981 ◽  
Vol 36 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 222-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margareta Proksch
Keyword(s):  
Cinnamic Acid ◽  
Pulse Labelling ◽  
Acid Solutions ◽  
Cell Level ◽  
Abaxial Epidermis ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Mesophyll Protoplasts ◽  
Main Site ◽  
End Products

When the abaxial epidermis was peeled from 5 to 6 day old oat primary leaves, and 3 cm segments were floated on radioactive phenylalanine or cinnamic acid solutions, more than 90 per cent of the radioactivity was incorporated within 3 to 7 h depending on the developmental stage of the leaf. C-glycosylflavones were labelled within 15 min and radioactivity in these compounds increased for several hours. Pulse labelling and pulse chase experiments with either phenylalanine or cinnamic acid, unequivocally demonstrate that oat flavones are stable end products of metabolism. However, this procedure does not distinguish between sequential biosynthesis of various flavones and their interconversion. Cinnamic acid was more efficiently (ca. 20 x) converted into oat leaf flavones than was phenylalanine, when the precursor was fed to leaf pieces, and flavones recovered from mesophyll protoplasts. Different labelling patterns were obtained with whole leaf segments and protoplasts which apparently reflect differences in tissue specific flavone biosynthesis of mesophyll and epidermis. Isolated mesophyll protoplasts incubated with [14C]cinnamic acid synthesize 14C-labelled flavones characteristic of the mesophyll, as well as several unidentified phenylpropanoid derivatives not found in the intact tissue. Data suggest that photosynthetically active mesophyll cells are a main site of tissue specific flavone biosynthesis

The epidermis in Passerina/ (Thymelaeaceae): structure, function and taxonomic significance

Bothalia ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Bredenkamp ◽  
A. E. Van Wyk
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Mediterranean Climate ◽  
High Light Intensity ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Cell Orientation ◽  
Abaxial Surface ◽  
Epidermal Structure ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Epidermal Features ◽  
Structural Adaptations

Epidermal features were studied in all 17 species of Passerina, a genus endemic to southern Africa. Leaves in Passerina are inversely ericoid, the adaxial surface concave and the abaxial surface convex. Leaves are inversely dorsiventral and epistomatic. The adaxial epidermis is villous, with unicellular, uniseriate trichomes and relatively small thin-walled cells, promoting flexibility of leaf margins owing to turgor changes. In common with many other Thymelaeaceae, abaxial epidermal cells are large and tanniniferous with mucilaginous cell walls. The cuticle is adaxially thin, but abaxially well devel­oped, probably enabling the leaf to restrict water loss and to tolerate high light intensity and UV-B radiation. Epicuticular waxes, present in all species, comprise both soft and plate waxes. Epidermal structure proves to be taxonomically impor­tant at family, genus and species levels. Interspecific differences include arrangement of stomata and presence or absence of abaxial epidermal hair. Other diagnostic characters of the abaxial epidermal cells are arrangement,size and shape, cutic- ular ornamentation and presence or absence of wax platelets. Two groups of species on the basis of abaxial epidermal cell orientation are recognised. Many leaf epidermal features in Passerina are interpreted as structural adaptations to the Mediterranean climate of the Cape.

Effect of Calcium on Salt Tolerance of Leaf Epidermal Cells of Ruppia maritima at High Salinity

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1174-1175
Author(s):  
A.D. Barnabas ◽  
R. Jagels ◽  
W.J. Przybylowicz ◽  
J. Mesjasz-Przybylowicz
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Transfer Cell ◽  
Ruppia Maritima ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Tolerance Mechanisms ◽  
Salt Glands

Ruppia maritima L. is a submerged halophyte which occurs frequently in estuaries where sodium chloride is the dominant salt. Unlike terrestrial halophytes, R. maritima does not possess any specialised salt-secreting structures such as salt glands. Knowledge of salt tolerance mechanisms in this plant is important to our understanding of its biology. In a previous study it was shown that leaf epidermal cells of R. maritima, which possess transfer cell characteristics, are implicated in salt regulation. In the present investigation, the effect of calcium (Ca) on salt tolerance of leaf epidermal cells was studied since Ca has been found to be an important factor in resistance to salt stress in terrestrial plants.Plants were grown in artificial seawater of high salinity (33%) and at two different Ca concentrations : 400 ppm (high Ca) and 100 ppm (low Ca).

Acid rain effects on foliar histology of Artemisia tilesii

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 463-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Adams ◽  
N. G. Dengler ◽  
T. C. Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Acid Rain ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Simulated Acid Rain ◽  
Scanning Electron Micrographs ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Spongy Mesophyll ◽  
Abnormal Cell ◽  
Naturally Occurring

The present study describes the effects of simulated acid rain (pH 2.5–5.6) on foliar histology of an arctic herb, Artemisia tilesii Ledeb., which is remarkably tolerant to naturally occurring atmospheric acidity at Smoking Hills, N.W.T. Plants were exposed to simulated acid rain twice weekly for 4 weeks in exposure chambers in the greenhouse. Droplets as acidic as pH 2.5 caused limited macroscopic foliar damage. However, much greater damage was observed when sectioned leaf tissue was examined microscopically. On leaves having no injury visible to the unaided eye, small lesions consisting of one to three collapsed epidermal cells were observed in scanning electron micrographs and in cleared leaves after exposure to rain of pH 3.0 and 3.5. Stomata remained open in damaged areas of acid-sprayed leaves. Lesions most commonly developed from an initial collapse of a few adaxial epidermal cells, followed by progressive injury of underlying tissues. Palisade and spongy mesophyll cells underwent hypertrophic (abnormal cell enlargement) and hyperplastic (abnormal cell division) responses in the region adjacent to severely collapsed tissue, causing reduced intercellular spaces. These effects isolated the injured areas from adjacent healthy tissues, and resembled wound periderm responses to fungal pathogens and to mechanical irritation. This response may be one mechanism of limiting acid rain damage.

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