Karnu's Message and the ‘War of the Hoe Handle’: Interpreting a Central African resistance movement

Africa ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Burnham ◽  
Thomas Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Central African Republic ◽  
Political Leadership ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Oral Histories ◽  
East Central ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
History Of ◽  
Resistance Movement

IntroductionIn writing the history of the Gbaya-speaking peoples, a group of some half-million population inhabiting east-central Cameroon and the western third of the Central African Republic, we are seldom able to recount the careers of famous individuals, and genealogical charters which link present leaders with long-dead heroes are uncommon. For the most part, in the pre-colonial and early colonial periods, the Gbaya were not organized politically at a level greater than very localised, clan-based groupings, and political leadership was more a matter of competition for short-lived political powers among locally influential men than of formally institutionalised chieftaincy (see Burnham, 1980a: 19 et seq.). However, in some cases during the late pre-colonial period, particularly in the westernmost parts of the Gbaya region, certain leaders began to consolidate their positions as a result of political and economic relations with the neighbouring Fulbe states of Adamawa and their associated Hausa and Kanuri traders (Burnham, 1980b). The names of men like Dogo Lokoti, Bafio and Mbartua (Bertoua) then occasionally figure in the oral histories and colonial documents, and we obtain glimpses of their personalities and careers. It is all the more striking, therefore, when we encounter a Gbaya figure who stands out clearly in the historical record. Without a doubt, Karnu, the inspiration behind the movement that has been called the Karnu Rebellion or the ‘War of the Hoe Handle’ in the Gbaya language, is the most widely known name in Gbaya history.

INTENSIVE SLAVE RAIDING IN THE COLONIAL INTERSTICE: HAMMAN YAJI AND THE MANDARA MOUNTAINS (NORTH CAMEROON AND NORTH-EASTERN NIGERIA)

2012 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
WALTER E. A. VAN BEEK
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Border Region ◽  
Religious Movement ◽  
General Situation ◽  
Oral Histories ◽  
Colonial Power ◽  
Military Technology ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
History Of

ABSTRACTA rare document, the diary of a slave raider, offers a unique view into the sociopolitical situation at the turn of the nineteenth century in the colonial backwater of North Cameroon. The Fulbe chief in question, Hamman Yaji, not only kept a diary, but was by far the most notorious slave raider of the Mandara Mountains. This article supplements the data from his diary with oral histories and archival sources to follow the dynamics of the intense slave raiding he engaged in. This frenzy of slaving occurred in a ‘colonial interstice’ characterized by competition between three colonial powers – the British, the Germans and the French, resilient governing structures in a region poorly controlled by colonial powers, and the unclear boundaries of the Mandara Mountains. The dynamics of military technology and the economics of this ‘uncommon market’ in slaves form additional factors in this episode in the history of slavery in Africa. These factors account for the general situation of insecurity due to slave raiding in the area, to which Hamman Yaji was an exceptionally atrocious contributor. In the end a religious movement, Mahdism, stimulated the consolidation of colonial power, ending Yaji's regime, which in all its brutality provides surprising insight in the early colonial situation in this border region between Nigeria and Cameroon.

A Brief History of Singapore

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Tarulevicz
Keyword(s):  
British Empire ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
First Century ◽  
Space And Place ◽  
Japanese Occupation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
History Of

This chapter provides an account of Singapore's recent history, interwoven with key culinary and gastronomic developments. The conventional periodization of Singapore's history into the pre-colonial, Japanese occupation, merger, and independence eras highlights some of the forces that have shaped the nation, but it also privileges state actors. From the early colonial period onward, the ordering of space and place has been a priority that has been demonstrated at the bureaucratic, regulatory, and physical levels. In the past 200 years, Singapore has been radically remade; technological innovation has been one of the mechanisms by which order is achieved. Indeed, Singapore's engagement with the global economy—be that the economy of the British Empire or of the twenty-first-century world of food security fears—has been relentless, and food has been central to the process.

scholarly journals ‘History has many cunning passages’: Kwasi Apea Nuama between the Asante and the British

Africa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-237
Author(s):  
Tom McCaskie
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
History Of ◽  
Colonial Order

AbstractThis article, a companion piece to that on Kwame Tua, traces the life history of his elder full brother Kwasi Apea Nuama (c.1862–1936) as he too sought purchase and place in the new colonial order in Asante. Temperamentally a very different man from his brother, Kwasi Apea Nuama set out to make himself indispensable as the interpreter of Asante history and custom to the uncomprehending British. Both brothers, then, were mediators or translators between the old and new worlds in which they found themselves. Their heyday was the often anarchic early colonial period. Thereafter, and most especially after the British restored the office and some of the prerogatives of Asante kingship, their influence fell away. They found themselves caught between a colonial order that had little further need of their services, and a restored Asante polity that demonized them as collaborators.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Caleb Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
History Of ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
Colonial Encounter

This chapter introduces the reader to the history of the Mysore kingdom and the courts of Tipu Sultan and Krishnaraja Wodeyar III. It investigates the kingdom’s development before and during the British colonial encounter in order to show the historical circumstances that led to the rearticulation of sovereignty in the late early modern and early colonial period. This chapter frames the period under discussion as a time in which the Mysore courts searched for their sovereign identity, which became intimately connected to religious idioms and the kings’ royal devotion. Lastly, this introduction provides an overall outline of the book and its major arguments.

Fish[i]stories

2020 ◽  
pp. 397-424
Author(s):  
Susan Elizabeth Ramírez
Keyword(s):  
Marine Species ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
History Of

Chapter 15 discusses the Early Colonial Period, 16th-century documentary record of fisherfolk of the Peruvian North Coast. These documents “identify semi-autonomous lineages of specialized fishing groups with their own language”. Although these groups were interspersed with other lineages, the records show not only the fishing people but even the marine species that they targeted. The chapter includes a section on the complicated history of leadership of the fishing lineage from Malabrigo, and in particular the story of a leader who rebelled against the local chief lord and against the Spaniards. This account highlights the quasi-independence of fishing groups.

Indians and the Antipodes

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Ethnic Community ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Indian Diaspora ◽  
Global Literature ◽  
The Past ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War

This book looks at the history of Indian migrants in Australia and New Zealand over a period of two and a half centuries. It looks at the history of their migration, settlement, and encounter with racism. Indians now constitute a significant ethnic minority in Australia and New Zealand. According to the most recent census figures, they number slightly more than half a million, but represent a successful ethnic community making significant contributions to their host societies and economies. The histories of their migration go back to the early colonial period, but rarely do they find any space in the global literature on Indian diaspora, probably because of their small numbers. This book covers their history over the past two and half centuries, covering both the ‘old’ and the ‘new’ diaspora; the ‘old’, consisting of the labourers who migrated under pressure of colonial capital, and the ‘new’ representing the post-war professional migrants. It also looks closely at the host societies which over this period have been receiving and interacting with the Indian migrants and the contributions of a few Antipodeans who travelled to India in the early twentieth century bringing their ideas and service. However, this book is not just about the diaspora; it is also about the circulation of ideas between the Antipodes and India and the contribution of this circulation to both the British Empire and the Commonwealth.

The Kedong Massacre and the Dick Affair: A Problem in the Early Colonial Historiography of East Africa

1981 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 261-269
Author(s):  
Robert Maxon ◽  
David Javersak
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Colonial History ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
History Of ◽  
Valley Of Death

On the morning of 25 November 1895 Maasai fighting men slaughtered hundreds of Kikuyu and Swahili caravan porters and askari in the Kedong Valley of Kenya (then in the Uganda Protectorate); the carnage caused one European to describe the area as the “Valley of Death.” The next day Andrew Dick, a British trader formerly with the Imperial British East Africa Company, learned of the massacre and resolved to avenge it. In a fierce counter-attack, Dick killed at least one hundred Maasai before being put to death himself.While they were dramatic events, the Kedong Massacre and the Dick Affair are of far less significance from the perspective of the 1980s than during the colonial period. They were without question also much less important than was often assumed in bringing about amicable relations between the Maasai and the British. However, the concern of this paper will be with the varying accounts of these incidents that are available to the historian today, and the problems of the sources of the early colonial history of East Africa that are put in somewhat depressing perspective by the fact that, as Charles Miller has remarked, “nearly every individual writing about the 1890s has his own version of the incidents.” Many of these versions, often accepted as independent sources, have been adopted from the accounts of others. Through comparison of accounts one can use internal evidence to suggest an individual author's unacknowledged sources and in some cases trace the “genealogy” of the account. At the risk of further complicating the picture, we will attempt to analyze the historiography of the incidents and suggest that scholars and popular writers have largely overlooked or ignored one important account of the massacre and its aftermath.

scholarly journals Digital marketing in Māori higher education: A case study of Te Wānanga o Aotearoa

Te Kaharoa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Haurua ◽  
Byron Rangiwai
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Relationship Marketing ◽  
Success Factors ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Digital Marketing ◽  
Aotearoa New Zealand ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
History Of ◽  
Marketing Approach

The shift to neoliberalism in the 1980s meant that higher education in Aotearoa New Zealand became business-orientated—a situation which prevails today (Narayan, 2020; Olssen, 2002). The digitisation of business means that for businesses to remain relevant, they must embrace digital marketing (Herhausen et al., 2020; Makrides et al., 2020). Indeed, in higher education, too, the need for digital marketing is inescapable (Sawlani & Susilo, 2020). This paper will discuss digital marketing in higher education and will look specifically at some aspects of the digital marketing approach of Te Wānanga o Aotearoa. This paper will begin with a very brief history of Māori business during the early colonial period, as well as a short description of contemporary Māori business. This article will discuss the most current understandings of digital marketing in higher education. Importantly, this paper will use the three relationship marketing success factors identified by John (2020)—trust, commitment, and service orientation—and relate these to the four values of Te Wānanga o Aotearoa (2020)—Te Aroha, Te Whakapono, Ngā Ture, and Kotahitanga—as a means of identifying gaps in Te Wānanga o Aotearoa’s current digital marketing approach.

Indian Interpreters in the Making of Colonial Historiography: New Light on Mark Wilks’s Historical Sketches of the South of India (1810–1817)*

2019 ◽  
Vol 134 (569) ◽  
pp. 821-854
Author(s):  
Su Fang Ng
Keyword(s):  
South India ◽  
Early History ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
The South ◽  
Land Grants ◽  
Indian History ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
History Of ◽  
Key Events ◽  
Anglo Indian

Abstract A forgotten archive at Oxford, the working library of Mark Wilks (1759–1831), sometime Resident of Madras who wrote the influential Historical Sketches of the South of India (1810), offers evidence of Anglo-Indian collaboration in the early colonial period following the 1799 defeat of Tipu Sultan. Examining new manuscript evidence, this article shows how Wilks, a friend of Colin Mackenzie, the surveyor of Mysore, used texts from the vast Mackenzie Collection to compose his history, abstracting selected translations for his own library. Wilks had the help of Mackenzie’s assistants, in particular Kavali Venkata Lakshmayya. Lakshmayya (and others) provided Wilks with translations of land grants and genealogical narratives, both of which were used to establish historical chronology. Because the British saw themselves as restorers of ancient Indian practices, chronology was as important for public policy as for historiography. Working with Wilks, Lakshmayya compiled a large manuscript folio that was at once a table to convert dates among western, Islamic, and Indian calendars, and a historical abstract giving a timeline of key events. This and other manuscripts show Wilks’s use of the Mackenzie Collection beyond only inscriptions. Historical chronology was established through a mix of sources: inscriptions, narrative accounts, and published works. Moreover, Wilks incorporated narratives written by native interpreters into Historical Sketches. Indian history was the result of Anglo-Indian collaboration. Native interpreters contributed significant intellectual labour, and their historiographical work laid the foundation for the writing of the early history of South India.

A Brief History of Hamas and the Islamic Movement in Palestine

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Roy
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Political Leadership ◽  
Muslim Brotherhood ◽  
General Context ◽  
Social Activities ◽  
Social Actor ◽  
Islamic Movement ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Muslim Brotherhood ◽  
Resistance Movement

This chapter provides background and a general context for examining Hamas' specific role as social actor. The Islamic Resistance Movement or Hamas was born with the first Palestinian uprising, or Intifada, in December 1987. The birth of this organization represented the Palestinian embodiment of political Islam in the Middle East. Although Hamas itself is a relatively recent phenomenon, it is rooted in a decades-old history of Islamic activism that began with the establishment of the Muslim Brotherhood in Gaza City in 1945. Hamas' evolution and influence were primarily due to the nature of Hamas' participation in that Intifada: the operations of its military wing, the work of its political leadership, and its social activities.

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