Reform and Revolution in the Late Soviet Context

Slavic Review ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen E. Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Soviet System ◽  
The Real ◽  
Holistic Understanding ◽  
Contextual Definition ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
Definition Of

Stephen Hanson points out that there is little to no agreement among contemporary scholars concerning either the predictability of the Soviet collapse or its underlying causes; between the untenable determinism Cohen rightly attacks and Cohen’s own extreme “possibilism” are many quite sensible intermediate positions. Once this is recognized, the real question becomes at what point, exacdy, were Gorbachev's reforms of the Soviet system likely to lead to change of the system itself? But to answer that question requires both a more precise, contextual definition of “reform” and a more holistic understanding of the Soviet “system” than Cohen provides here.

Social Failure Modes in Technology and the Ethics of AI

2020 ◽  
pp. 441-461
Author(s):  
Jason Millar
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Design ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Design Practice ◽  
Detailed Understanding ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
The Social ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
Physical Defects ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter argues that, just as technological artefacts can break as a result of mechanical, electrical, or other physical defects not fully accounted for in their design, they can also break as a result of social defects not fully accounted for in their design. These failures resulting from social defects can be called social failures. The chapter then proposes a definition of social failure as well as a taxonomy of social failure modes—the underlying causes that lead to social failures. An explicit and detailed understanding of social failure modes, if properly applied in engineering design practice, could result in a fuller evaluation of the social and ethical implications of technology, either during the upstream design and engineering phases of a product, or after its release. Ideally, studying social failure modes will improve people’s ability to anticipate and reduce the rate or severity of undesirable social failures prior to releasing technology into the wild.

Journalistic objectivity and The Daily Show with Jon Stewart

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Harris Parker
Keyword(s):  
National Identities ◽  
Close Inspection ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Daily Show ◽  
Daily Show ◽  
The Third ◽  
Holistic Understanding ◽  
The Press ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of

The press is a constitutive part of our society. It helps create national identities and formulates society's understanding of itself and its place in the world. Moreover, a free press is indispensable for ensuring the vibrancy of a democracy. For these reasons, a close inspection of news, and an evaluation of its performance, is crucial. We must look to the development of the mass press at the turn of the twentieth century to locate the beginnings of journalistic objectivity and the type of news we are familiar with today. The first section of this paper offers a review of accounts of this transformational period, placing opposing theories within the larger framework of the frictions between cultural studies and political economy, and underscores the need for a holistic understanding of the period. The second section chronicles the press's articulation of its new professional tenets, offers a definition of journalistic objectivity, and reveals its intrinsic limitations. The third section details how the modern press's ideal democratic mandate has been compromised, with the influence of the press being used instead to ensconce powerful interests. And the fourth section outlines the calls for a redefinition of journalism in light of the failures covered in the preceding section. Finally, The Daily Show with Jon Stewart is offered as an alternative journalistic form that transcends the dangerous dogma of traditional news outlets, allowing it to fulfill the democratic responsibility of the press by encouraging a critical and astute citizenry.

scholarly journals Imagology of Iranians in One Thousand Nights and One Night

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Ehsan Ghabool ◽  
Mina Ravansalar
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Literature ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
Real Image ◽  
Economic Prosperity ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
Arabic Translation ◽  
The Real ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Definition Of

Imagology is a branch of comparative literature which explores the image of one nation in the literature of another nation. One Thousand Nights and One Night is among the important books which can show the image of different nations and people such as Indians, Iranians and Arabs. Since the oldest version of the book is in Arabic, it is considered an Arabic literary work though it was translated from a Persian tale in the first place. On this basis the study of the image of Iranians in One Thousand Nights and One Night can be included under the definition of imagology. In this article, first we explain, analyze and study the image of Iranians in the book One Thousand Nights and One Night with respect to 1. anthropology (including entertainments, personification of animals, disapprobation of lies and betrayal of spouses), 2. religious and mythical beliefs (including the belief in daevas and jinnis, magic, fire-worshipping and similar plots), 3. politics (emphasizing the position of vizier and his family in government), 4. economics (emphasizing economic prosperity), then we will compare the collected information with the image of Iranians in credited works and in this way we will identify the similarities and differences of Iranians’ image in One Thousand Nights and One Night and the above-said literary works. Finally we come to this conclusion that the similarities belong to the real image of Iranians in the pre-Islamic days and that differences show the image of post-Islamic Iran which is added through Arabic translation.

scholarly journals Some remarks on incomplete gamma type function γ*(α, x_)

Filomat ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emin Özcağ ◽  
İnci Egeb
Keyword(s):  
Recurrence Relation ◽  
Real Line ◽  
Summable Function ◽  
Type Function ◽  
The Real ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Derivatives Of

The incomplete gamma type function ?*(?, x_) is defined as locally summable function on the real line for ?>0 by ?*(?,x_) = {?x0 |u|?-1 e-u du, x?0; 0, x > 0 = ?-x_0 |u|?-1 e-u du the integral divergining ? ? 0 and by using the recurrence relation ?*(? + 1,x_) = -??*(?,x_) - x?_ e-x the definition of ?*(?, x_) can be extended to the negative non-integer values of ?. Recently the authors [8] defined ?*(-m, x_) for m = 0, 1, 2,... . In this paper we define the derivatives of the incomplete gamma type function ?*(?, x_) as a distribution for all ? < 0.

scholarly journals Problemy z granicami wypowiedzeń w polszczyźnie mówionej – uwagi wstępne

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Szczyszek
Keyword(s):  
Spoken Language ◽  
Specific Task ◽  
The Real ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Task Oriented ◽  
Theoretical Reflection ◽  
Innovative Concept

The article discusses the problems associated with segmented into separate sentences the stream of spoken language. There are both: theoretical problems (what is utterance?, what are its boundaries?, what are the theoretical proposals for the segmentation of utterances?), and practical problems (where is the real border between the two utterances in spoken language?, what criteria of segmentation stream of spoken language can be used?). The language material – which is the basis for the research presented in this article – comes from twenty task-oriented dialogue sessions with the participation of forty speakers performing a specific task. As a result of the analysis, based on available positions and theoretical reflection I managed to develop a tool for syntactical segmentation of the stream of spoken language. This tool can be presented in the form of a new (innovative) concept of definition of the utterance.

The anatytic conception of truth and the foundations of arithmetic

2000 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Apostoli
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Mathematics ◽  
Logical Truth ◽  
Numerical Identity ◽  
Hume’S Principle ◽  
Contextual Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Axiomatic Set Theory ◽  
In Virtue Of ◽  
Second Order Logic ◽  
Foundations Of Arithmetic

Until very recently, it was thought that there couldn't be any current interest in logicism as a philosophy of mathematics. Indeed, there is an old argument one often finds that logicism is a simple nonstarter just in virtue of the fact that if it were a logical truth that there are infinitely many natural numbers, then this would be in conflict with the existence of finite models. It is certainly true that from the perspective of model theory, arithmetic cannot be a part of logic. However, it is equally true that model theory's reliance on a background of axiomatic set theory renders it unable to match Frege's Theorem, the derivation within second order logic of the infinity of the number series from the contextual “definition” of the cardinality operator. Called “Hume's Principle” by Boolos, the contextual definition of the cardinality operator is presented in Section 63 of Grundlagen, as the statement that, for any concepts F and G,the number of F s = the number of G sif, and only if,F is equinumerous with G.The philosophical interest in Frege's Theorem derives from the thesis, defended for example by Crispin Wright, that Hume's principle expresses our pre-analytic conception of assertions of numerical identity. However, Boolos cites the very fact that Hume's principle has only infinite models as grounds for denying that it is logically true: For Boolos, Hume's principle is simply a disguised axiom of infinity.

The Concept of Land Real Estate in the Act on Real Estate Management

2020 ◽  
Vol 2(22) ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
Michał Kiedrzynek
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Real Estate ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Estate Management ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Real Estate Management

The management of public real estate has been regulated in many legal acts, among which the Act of August 21, 1997 on real estate management plays the greatest role. The definitions contained in it are intended to explain the most important concepts related to the subject of this act. However, with regard to the definition of land real estate, we are dealing with a repetition of what was defined by the provisions of civil law. Such a situation raises justified interpretation doubts, which may have significant consequences in the application of this act. The existence of two definitions for the same object is undesirable and the Real Estate Management Act should be amended in this respect by including an appropriate reference to the provisions of civil law.

Essentialism and Prejudice

2020 ◽  
pp. 95-98
Author(s):  
Philippe Rochat
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Implicit Beliefs ◽  
The Real ◽  
Actual Experience ◽  
Immediate Experience ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Default Assumption

Humans can’t help but generalize in ways that are rarely, if ever, dictated by reason and prudence. We jump quickly to confirmatory and reassuring conclusions with a propensity to invent things in reference to worlds that only exist in our minds. Rather than being just games of the imagination, these inventions actually influence, often unbeknownst to us (subliminally), our attitudes and actions in the real world, in particular our discriminatory attitudes and actions toward people. Our innate propensity to chunk, cluster, and categorize things corresponds with our propensity to reproduce patterns of reality that are constructed based on ready-made or default implicit beliefs (i.e., stereotyping). Furthermore, the built-in default assumption that things and people have essential, nonobvious characteristics (definition of essentialism) allows for the immediate experience of favorable or unfavorable feelings toward people or things prior to, or not based on, actual experience (i.e. the definition of prejudice).

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