Causes of the Lack of Political Cohesion in Spanish America

The most serious criticism which we can lay at the door of the Spanish American to-day is his lack of political cohesion. The border provinces are everlastingly rebelling against the decrees of the central government. One hundred years ago, when the Spanish colonies began to secure their independence, they either did not combine or else combining soon fell apart. We naturally wonder why, when they copied our Constitution they did not follow our example and recognize the strength that comes from union. The answer to this and to many other criticisms that may be made is to be found in the history of the Hispanic race and in the geographical conditions that exist in the southern continent.In criticising South American habits of mind and political tendencies, one must remember that the moral and intellectual characteristics that form the soul of a people are developed in its past and represent a legitimate inheritance from its ancestors. For the motives of its conduct, one must look to its history.Historically, the Hispanic race was led to develop individualistic rather than coöperative action. In the Middle Ages the forces at work in the peninsula were centrifugal rather than centripetal.

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War, Gender, and Society in Late Colonial and Revolutionary Spanish America

The Oxford Handbook of Gender, War, and the Western World since 1600 ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199948710.013.4 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 116-135

Author(s):

Catherine Davies

Keyword(s):

Spanish America ◽

South American ◽

Spanish American ◽

New Granada ◽

The Social ◽

Spanish Atlantic ◽

History Of ◽

Gender And Society ◽

And Gender ◽

The Impact

Military conflicts and wars shaped Spanish America in the transformative period from the 1780s to the 1830s with its first anticolonial uprisings and the Spanish American Wars of Independence. This chapter explores the impact of warfare and militarization on the social and gender order in the Spanish Atlantic Empire in this transformative period and examines, conversely, how ideas about the gender order shaped society, warfare, and military culture. It focuses on the first anticolonial uprisings, especially the Tupac Amaru Rebellion in the South American Andes and the Rebellion of the Comuneros in New Granada—two of the largest and earliest in the history of Latin America—and the Spanish American Wars of Independence and their aftermath.

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Government in Spanish America

American Political Science Review ◽

10.2307/1946230 ◽

1914 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 204-215

Author(s):

Bernard Moses

Keyword(s):

The United States ◽

Spanish America ◽

Social Forces ◽

Spanish American ◽

Royal Authority ◽

War Of Independence ◽

Protective System ◽

Spanish Colonies ◽

History Of ◽

The Government

Although the events of the recent Mexican tragedy cannot be seen today in as clear light as that which will be thrown on them for the next generation, still the political history of the communities established by Spain in America furnishes a certain measure of enlightment. This history seems to indicate that the Spanish colonies were unfortunate in that the government of the United States, in its early decades, appeared to them as a desirable model for the Spanish-American states that were created after the war of independence. The English colonies, left to themselves, had a normal development along lines determined by their environment and their inherent social forces. The Spanish colonies, founded by authority, were developed under a protective system designed to subserve the interests of Spaniards. The disappearance of the Indians before the invading English cleared the field for the democracy that was produced by the colonial conditions of the frontier. The incorporation of the Indians as a subordinate class in the colonial society of Spanish America, and the creation, by royal authority, of a titled nobility made democratic states impossible.

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World Trade in Medicinal Plants from Spanish America, 1717–1815

Medical History ◽

10.1017/mdh.2014.70 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 59 (1) ◽

pp. 44-62 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Stefanie Gänger

Keyword(s):

Eighteenth Century ◽

Medicinal Plants ◽

World Trade ◽

Spanish America ◽

Spanish American ◽

Medical Systems ◽

Materia Medica ◽

Relative Ease ◽

Global Spread ◽

History Of

AbstractThis article outlines the history of the commerce in medicinal plants and plant-based remedies from the Spanish American territories in the eighteenth century. It maps the routes used to transport the plants from Spanish America to Europe and, along the arteries of European commerce, colonialism and proselytism, into societies across the Americas, Asia and Africa. Inquiring into the causes of the global ‘spread’ of American remedies, it argues that medicinal plants like ipecacuanha, guaiacum, sarsaparilla, jalap root and cinchona moved with relative ease into Parisian medicine chests, Moroccan court pharmacies and Manila dispensaries alike, because of their ‘exotic’ charisma, the force of centuries-old medical habits, and the increasingly measurable effectiveness of many of these plants by the late eighteenth century. Ultimately and primarily, however, it was because the disease environments of these widely separated places, their medical systems and materia medica had long become entangled by the eighteenth century.

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Economic Regulation and the Cloth Industry in seventeenth-century England

Transactions of the Royal Historical Society ◽

10.2307/3678763 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 20 ◽

pp. 73-99 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

J. P. Cooper

Keyword(s):

Social History ◽

Middle Ages ◽

Central Government ◽

Adam Smith ◽

Direct Consequence ◽

Economic Regulation ◽

Major Theme ◽

Long Run ◽

History Of ◽

Laissez Faire

Preoccupation with the policies of governments as a major theme in the history of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries is now unfashionable with economic historians. However, masters of Oxford colleges and professors of social history can afford to be out of fashion. According to Mr Hill, ‘The Middle Ages in industry and internal trade also ended in 1641, when the central government lost its power to grant monopolies and to control the administration of poor relief. Attempts to prohibit the activities of middlemen, whether in industry or agriculture now ended…Guild regulations and the privileges of town oligarchies, long opposed by the common lawyers, became far more difficult to enforce…in the long run England's economic liberty, unique at that time in Europe, had a stimulating effect, especially noticeable after 1688 confirmed the political gains of the earlier revolution.’ Or as Professor Perkin claims '… the landed rulers of England… from the Restoration adopted the dynamic policy of laissez-faire in internal industry which Adam Smith… was to advocate in foreign trade.’ ‘Laissez-faire… was the direct consequence of the breakdown at the Civil War of the “Privy Council” system of central control.

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The Spanish-American Works of Alexander von Humboldt as Viewed By Leading British Periodicals, 1800–1830

The Americas A Quarterly Review of Latin American History ◽

10.2307/980119 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 442-448 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Calvin P. Jones

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

The United States ◽

Thomas Jefferson ◽

Spanish America ◽

Spanish American ◽

German Scientist ◽

Alexander Von Humboldt ◽

The World ◽

Spanish Colonies ◽

Scientific Survey

Perhaps the most significant scientific works published about Spanish-America during the entire era 1800–1830 were the botanical and zoological findings of the German scientist, Alexander von Humboldt. He had traveled in the Spanish colonies from 1799 to 1804. Humboldt has been acclaimed as the greatest naturalist that the world had seen since Aristotle and as the foremost man in Europe during his lifetime with the exception of Napoleon. He had taken a scientific education in several German universities and had once held an appointment in Berlin as a mining official for the Prussian government. On his way back to Europe in 1804 at the conclusion of his scientific survey in Spanish-America, he stopped in the United States to visit President Thomas Jefferson who asked him to fix the new boundaries of the United States following the purchase of Louisiana. This side trip probably saved Humboldt’s life because the ship which sailed from South America with his specimens was lost at sea.

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Historyczna ewolucja independentyzmu katalońskiego. Formowanie się katalonizmu poprzez działalność regionalnych ruchów społecznych

Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem ◽

10.19195/2300-7249.43.1.6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 89-112

Author(s):

Sylwia Chmura

Keyword(s):

Political Culture ◽

Middle Ages ◽

Central Government ◽

Political Process ◽

Political Elite ◽

Modern Times ◽

History Of ◽

The Rich ◽

Rich History

The article contains an analysis of the historical development of Catalan nationalism, its evolution from the early Middle Ages to modern times. It points to the key role of social movements in the political process of protecting the Catalan identity from being degraded or completely eliminated by the Spanish central government. The depth of the region’s history points to several basic conclusions. Mainly, the image of Catalan separatism as a temporary “rush” of citizens, shaped by Catalan’s modern political elite to divert attention from the corruption scandals is untrue. The analysis of the rich history of Catalan political culture indicates that the phenomenon of Catalanism has become a constant.

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Janet Burton and Karen Stöber, eds., Monasteries and Society in the British Isles in the Later Middle Ages. (Studies in the History of Medieval Religion, 35.) Woodbridge, Eng., and Rochester, N.Y.: Boydell and Brewer, 2008. Pp. xiv, 252; black-and-white figures and tables. $95.

Speculum ◽

10.1017/s0038713400018935 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 84 (02) ◽

pp. 516

Keyword(s):

Middle Ages ◽

British Isles ◽

Black And White ◽

History Of

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The Social Origins and Provenance of the English Bishops during the Reign of Edward II

Transactions of the Royal Historical Society ◽

10.1017/s0080440100017540 ◽

1959 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 51-79

Author(s):

K. Edwards

Keyword(s):

Middle Ages ◽

Social Background ◽

Early Career ◽

The Political ◽

Social Origins ◽

Political Activities ◽

Edward Ii ◽

The Social ◽

Complete Study ◽

History Of

During the last twenty or twenty-five years medieval historians have been much interested in the composition of the English episcopate. A number of studies of it have been published on periods ranging from the eleventh to the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. A further paper might well seem superfluous. My reason for offering one is that most previous writers have concentrated on analysing the professional circles from which the bishops were drawn, and suggesting the influences which their early careers as royal clerks, university masters and students, secular or regular clergy, may have had on their later work as bishops. They have shown comparatively little interest in their social background and provenance, except for those bishops who belonged to magnate families. Some years ago, when working on the political activities of Edward II's bishops, it seemed to me that social origins, family connexions and provenance might in a number of cases have had at least as much influence on a bishop's attitude to politics as his early career. I there fore collected information about the origins and provenance of these bishops. I now think that a rather more careful and complete study of this subject might throw further light not only on the political history of the reign, but on other problems connected with the character and work of the English episcopate. There is a general impression that in England in the later middle ages the bishops' ties with their dioceses were becoming less close, and that they were normally spending less time in diocesan work than their predecessors in the thirteenth century.

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