scholarly journals Historyczna ewolucja independentyzmu katalońskiego. Formowanie się katalonizmu poprzez działalność regionalnych ruchów społecznych

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-112
Author(s):  
Sylwia Chmura
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Rich History

The article contains an analysis of the historical development of Catalan nationalism, its evolution from the early Middle Ages to modern times. It points to the key role of social movements in the political process of protecting the Catalan identity from being degraded or completely eliminated by the Spanish central government. The depth of the region’s history points to several basic conclusions. Mainly, the image of Catalan separatism as a temporary “rush” of citizens, shaped by Catalan’s modern political elite to divert attention from the corruption scandals is untrue. The analysis of the rich history of Catalan political culture indicates that the phenomenon of Catalanism has become a constant.

scholarly journals Half a Century of Onomastic Research in Karelia

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-338
Author(s):  
Ekaterina V. Zakharova ◽  
◽  
Denis V. Kuzmin ◽  
Irma I. Mullonen ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
50Th Anniversary ◽  
Electronic Version ◽  
Personal Names ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Linguistic History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Card Index ◽  
The Republic

The article marks the 50th anniversary of onomastic research in Karelia which has brought about 12 monographs and dictionaries, as well as several hundred articles. The paper summarizes the most important advances made by the research team in local toponymy studies: a typology of the Balto-Finniс toponyms, the peculiarities of Karelian and Vepsian name motivation, and the ways that Karelian and Vepsian names are adapted to the Russian naming system. The development of methods of areal typology allowed the researchers to restore the picture of ethno-linguistic history of Karelia and adjacent territories, based on toponymic evidence. In the field of anthroponymy, the progress relates to the identification of numerous Karelian folk variants of Orthodox names and the reconstruction of medieval male and female personal names system of Karelians and Vepsians. The latter also proved the fact that non-calendar Russian names were actively used among the Karelians at the turn of the Middle Ages and the Modern Times. Particular attention is given to the research team’s activity and achievements in the field of onomastic lexicography, which produced a number of toponymic dictionaries of different types. The important role of the continuous fieldwork of Karelian toponymists, carried out both in the territory of Karelia and outside the republic, is noted. Ultimately, the work of three generations of researchers has been brought together in a comprehensive toponymic card-index comprising 300.000 units in Karelian, Veps, and Russian, as well as its electronic version (GIS Toponymy of Karelia) with additional mapping and analytical functionalities.

Resistance to Tithes in the Middle Ages

1962 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giles Constable
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Medieval Church ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Middle Ages

The system of compulsory tithes in the Middle Ages has long been used by protestant and liberal historians as a stick with which to beat the medieval Church. ‘This most harassing and oppressive form of taxation’, wrote H. C. Lea in his well-known History of the Inquisition, ‘had long been the cause of incurable trouble, aggravated by the rapacity with which it was enforced, even to the pitiful collections of the gleaner’. Von Inama-Sternegg remarked on the growing hatred of tithes in the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth centuries, especially among the small free landholders, ‘upon whom the burden of tithes must have fallen most heavily’. Gioacchino Volpe said that tithes were ‘the more hated because they oppressed the rich less than the poor, the dependents on seigneurial estates less than the small free proprietors to whose ruin they contributed…. At that time tithes were both an ecclesiastical and secular oppression, a double offence against religious sentiment and popular misery’. G. G. Coulton, writing before the introduction in England of an income tax at a rate of over ten per cent., proclaimed that before the Reformation tithes ‘constituted a land tax, income tax and death duty far more onerous than any known to modern times, and proportionately unpopular’.

scholarly journals The History of Syphilis in The XVI Century and The Pivotal Role of Luigi Luigini in the Renaissance

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-379
Author(s):  
Mariano Martini ◽  
Alessandra Parodi ◽  
Nicola Luigi Bragazzi ◽  
Emiliano Beri ◽  
Luca Lo Basso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Academic Medicine ◽  
New Disease ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Andreas Vesalius ◽  
History Of ◽  
Renaissance Medicine ◽  
Latin Term

Syphilis is the prime example of a “new disease” which triggered a transnational (European) discussion among physicians. It appeared between the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Modern Times (at the beginning of the sixteenth century), a time in which medicine was changing from a dogmatic to an experimental discipline. The main changes were in the field of anatomy: in 1543, the same year of the astronomy-disrupting work by Nicolas Copernicus, the new less dogmatic and more empirical approach to anatomy by Andreas Vesalius was published. Nevertheless, in the Renaissance, medicine remains a tradition-bound discipline, proud of its millennial history and its superiority over the empirical, non-academic healers. When syphilis appeared in Europe, several explanations were elaborated. In the mid-16th century, an Italian doctor Luigi Luigini (born in 1526) published in Venice a collection of all the works on syphilis that appeared until 1566. He wanted to entrust to colleagues, contemporary and future, a compendium of all that was known about the “new” disease (the Latin term Novus means both “new” and “strange”). According to the most authors of the collection, the disease is in fact “new” and “strange”. Some authors of the collection find it impossible that authorities like Hippocrates and Galen overlooked it. Luigini’s work shows the authors’ effort to absorb syphilis in the corpus of academic medicine and affirm the authority of academic physicians against the empirical healers.

CHILD DEVELOPMENT: A BASIC SCIENCE FOR PEDIATRICS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 649-658
Author(s):  
Julius B. Richmond
Keyword(s):  
Child Development ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Teaching And Research ◽  
New Period ◽  
Relative Neglect ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Rich History

ALTHOUGH I have considered presenting some of the work of our group on this occasion, I have elected, rather, to discuss an issue which I feel to be of importance not alone to those of us interested in child development, but to all pediatricians (and indeed to all interested in child welfare). I refer to the role of child development in pediatrics—most particularly academic pediatrics. To the members of this section it is no surprise to observe that teaching and research in child development have not been integrated into the mainstream of academic pediatrics. It continues, with rare exceptions, to be treated as a minority group in the academic community, even though a knowledge of child development is a major concern of the practicing pediatrician. This relative neglect causes me to inquire as to whether we are to have two cultures or one in pediatrics. At the outset I wish to indicate that my bias is clearly in favor of a unitarian view. For, I believe we continue this dichotomy at our peril in pediatric teaching and research. Perhaps we can deal with this problem better if we understand how we came to be this way. I will, therefore, attempt to develop my thesis from an historical perspective. These periods are arbitrarily defined; although starting dates are given, there are no end points, since each new period is telescoped into the rich history of its antecedents (Fig. 1). The prescientific era in pediatrics (prior to 1900) was rich in contributions to our understanding of child development.

scholarly journals The Development Of The Preschool Education System Is A Requirement Of The Times

2020 ◽  
Vol 02 (11) ◽  
pp. 108-111
Author(s):  
Lola Kuzibaevna Narimbaeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Education System ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Preschool Education ◽  
Ongoing Work ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Times ◽  
Rich History

This article examines the role of the ongoing work on the development of preschool education in our society, the essence of the laws, decrees and decisions issued by our government, the current needs and recommendations in this regard. The article also provides a number of historical data related to the rich history of the emergence and development of preschool education, as well as the author’s suggestions and recommendations.

scholarly journals Community engagement: Leveraging library online tools to support local historical organizations

2020 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 298
Author(s):  
Jennifer Murray
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Academic Libraries ◽  
Black History ◽  
Online Tools ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
Rich History

Among Floridians, Jacksonville is known as the “First Coast.” It is a reference to the fact that Northeast Florida has some of the oldest European settlements in North America. The numerous local historical organizations are forever challenged to preserve and share the rich history of “all that is Jacksonville–including early settlers, 19th- and 20th-century urban planning and architecture, civil rights and Black history, city governance, and our national parks heritage.” They often do not have the resources needed, but local academic libraries are rich in resources and tools that can benefit organizations outside the library and help bring more awareness to the organizations and the collections they have. As the role of academic libraries continues to evolve with technological changes, libraries are continuously looking for ways to reinvent themselves and expand their role within their university and throughout the greater community.

scholarly journals Reviving the Muslim tradition of dialogue: A look at a rich history of Educational theory and institutions in pre-modern and modern times

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
MOMINA AFRIDI
Keyword(s):  
Modern World ◽  
Educational Systems ◽  
Western Education ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Core ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Rich History

This paper aims to generate a debate within Muslim scholarship and comparative educators to engage in analysing both the institutions and the philosophy of education in Islam historically, to understand its present challenges and to create an environment conducive to dialogue between various civilizations and educational systems. At present Muslim parents, teachers and students in contemporary educational systems face a big challenge. On one hand, a modified system of Western education is likely to leave Muslim children exposed to a set of an underlying set of secular values and assumptions which are alien to the spirit of Islam, but on the other hand Muslim schools of the old style seem unable to prepare children adequately for the needs of the modern world or to help them take part in the scientific, technological and economic progress (Halstead, 1995). At the core of this issue lies the lack of knowledge of both Western educators and contemporary Muslim theorists regarding the rich tradition of education and scholarship in Islam that ensured the coexistence of the religious and the secular through dialogue with other traditions.

scholarly journals Magnesium Preparations in Psychiatry, Addiction Medicine, Neurology and General Medicine (Part I. History)

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 63-80
Author(s):  
A. R. Bekker ◽  
Yu. V. Bykov ◽  
A. O. Shkurat ◽  
A. S. Voronina
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
General Medicine ◽  
Mineral Waters ◽  
Addiction Medicine ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Laxative Effect ◽  
Medicinal Use ◽  
History Of ◽  
Positive Effect

The use of magnesium preparations in medicine has a long history. According to some sources, first attempts by humans to consume magnesium- and calcium-rich minerals orally, presumably for medicinal purposes, could have occurred even in prehistoric times. First attempts to use natural magnesium-calcium alkaline materials to increase the bioavailability of the alkaloids of some psychoactive plants, such as betel, tobacco, and coca, also date back to prehistoric times.Later, several ancient authors, in particular, Hippocrates II, Claudius Galen and Soran of Ephesus, have described the profound laxative effect of sea salt and of crushed dolomite, as well as a positive effect on the psyche of drinking mineral waters from sources that were found by modern scientists to be rich in magnesium, lithium and bromine. The laxative effect of mineral waters from some sources rich in magnesium, or of salts that were extracted from such sources was known in the Middle Ages. Later, Paracelsus discovered that these salts could be useful not only as a laxative, but also as a sedative.In 1707, Massimiliano Valentini first obtained magnesium oxide, which immediately found its use in medicine, as an antacid, as a mild laxative and skin powder. In 1926, Jacques Leroy was the first to prove the vital importance of magnesium for the physiology of animals.In this article, we thoroughly review the history of the medicinal use of magnesium preparations and the history of studies of biological role of magnesium, from antiquity to modern times.

Der Engel im Spannungsfeld zwischen sakraler und profaner Motivik

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annika Fernandez Gonzalo
Keyword(s):  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Cultural Phenomenon ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich ◽  
First Time ◽  
Visionary Art ◽  
Rich History

This new monograph on the rich history of the motif of angels not only deepens the sacral meaning of angels in art with highlights such as the systematization of the angelic motif in ikon painting in the analysis of their typology but also researches the role of the depiction of angels during the epochal changes involving alterations of the sacral architecture of the great cathedral in Paderborn. This fresh approach reaches from art historical analysis to contemporarily discussed topics of art, which have not gotten any amount of attention like popular spiritual art. In the process, the methods of this cultural phenomenon get defined and exemplary paintings (af Klint, Wall etc.) since the beginning of visionary art get decoded under the lens of formal criteria for the first time.

FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL ARCHITECTURE IN THE FORMER KETSKAYA VOLOST

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. V. Sitnikova
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Architectural Analysis ◽  
Tomsk Region ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Rural Architecture ◽  
The Village ◽  
Rich History

The article considers the historical and cultural heritage of villages of the former Ketskaya volost, which is currently a part of the Tomsk region. The formation of Ketsky prison and the architecture of large settlements of the former Ketskaya volost are studied. Little is known about the historical and cultural heritage of villages of the Tomsk region and the problems of preserving historical settlements of the country.The aim of this work is to study the formation and development of the village architecture of the former Ketskaya volost, currently included in the Tomsk region.The following scientific methods are used: a critical analysis of the literature, comparative architectural analysis and systems analysis of information, creative synthesis of the findings. The obtained results can be used in preparation of lectures, reports and communication on the history of the Siberian architecture.The scientific novelty is a study of the historical and cultural heritage of large settlements of the former Ketskaya volost, which has not been studied and published before. The methodological and theoretical basis of the study is theoretical works of historians and architects regarding the issue under study as well as the previous  author’s work in the field.It is found that the historical and cultural heritage of the villages of the former Ketskaya volost has a rich history. Old historical buildings, including religious ones are preserved in villages of Togur and Novoilinka. The urban planning of the villages reflects the design and construction principles of the 18th century. The rich natural environment gives this area a special touch. 

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