Coalitional Behavior among the Chinese Military Elite: A Nonrecursive, Simultaneous Equations, and Multiplicative Causal Model

1979 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 478-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Pang-yu Ting
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Causal Model ◽  
Structural Equations ◽  
Causal Modeling ◽  
Simultaneous Equations ◽  
Alternative Theory ◽  
Military Elite ◽  
Modeling Techniques ◽  
Chinese Military

At least three competing proto-theories of Chinese military coalitional behavior (those of William Whitson, Harvey Nelsen, and William Parrish) have been proposed. This study attempts to: (1) reformulate these proto-theories into testable mathematical models, (2) test these reformulated models empirically, and (3) suggest an alternative theory of Chinese military coalitional behavior. I use causal modeling techniques to reformulate these proto-theories into mathematical ones and gather data on 423 members of the Chinese military elite to test the zero-predictions and structural equations of each model. The findings indicate that all three proto-theories may be misspecified theoretically. I then propose an alternative theory, which integrates features from all three proto-theories. This theory argues that members of the Chinese military elite form coalitions according to a set of affective ties and shared professional interests. This set of relationships is stated in mathematical terms, and the mathematical predictions deduced from it fit empirical data.

scholarly journals A Sideways Look at Faithfulness for Quantum Correlations

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-42
Author(s):  
Peter W. Evans ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Quantum System ◽  
Causal Model ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Causal Explanation ◽  
Quantum Correlations ◽  
Quantum Systems ◽  
Causal Modeling ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Symmetry Relation ◽  
Modeling Techniques

Despite attempts to apply causal modeling techniques to quantum systems, Wood and Spekkens argue that any causal model purporting to explain quantum correlations must be fine tuned; it must violate the assumption of faithfulness. This paper is an attempt to undermine the reasonableness of the assumption of faithfulness in the quantum context. Employing a symmetry relation between an entangled quantum system and a “sideways” quantum system consisting of a single photon passing sequentially through two polarizers, I argue that Wood and Spekkens’s analysis applies equally to this sideways system also. As a result, we must either reject a causal explanation in this single photon system, or the sideways system must be fine tuned. If the latter, a violation of faithfulness in the ordinary entangled system may be more tolerable than first thought. Thus, extending the classical “no fine-tuning” principle of parsimony to the quantum realm may be too hasty.

A Model-Invariant Theory of Causation

2021 ◽  
Vol 130 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-96
Author(s):  
J. Dmitri Gallow
Keyword(s):  
Invariant Theory ◽  
Causal Model ◽  
Causal Modeling ◽  
Modeling Framework

This article provides a theory of causation in the causal modeling framework. In contrast to most of its predecessors, this theory is model-invariant in the following sense: if the theory says that C caused (didn’t cause) E in a causal model, M, then it will continue to say that that C caused (didn’t cause) E once one has removed an inessential variable from M. The article suggests that, if this theory is true, then one should understand a cause as something which transmits deviant or noninertial behavior to its effect.

scholarly journals Impacts of Government and Household Expenditure on Human Development Index

JEJAK ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 412-428
Author(s):  
Niken Sulistyowati ◽  
Bonar Marulitua Sinaga ◽  
Novindra Novindra
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Human Development Index ◽  
Model Simulation ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Structural Equations ◽  
Simultaneous Equations ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Development Index ◽  
Central Java

The objective of this reseach are to: (1) analyze the factors affecting human development index and household expenditures for health, education and others, (2) predict the impacts of government expenditure policy in the field of education, health, and infrastructure on human development index in Central Java. The model was built using econometric approach in the form of a system of simultaneous equations, including five blocks i.e. government's revenue, expenditures, input, output, and performance. The system of simultaneous equations consisted of 26 equations (19 structural equations and 7 identity equations). The estimation method used Two Stage Least Squares with SYSLIN procedure. Prediction simulation used the stepwise Autoregressive method. The model simulation used Newton's method and SIMNLIN procedure. The results of policy simulation concludes that the combination of the increase in government expenditure for education and infrastructure lead to better performance in increasing income per capita, disposable income and HDI compared to the combination of the policy of the increase in government expenditure for education and in both municipalities and district, but municipalities receive greatest impact compared to the district.

Formulas

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Vehlken
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Information Transmission ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Dynamic Processes ◽  
Geometric Form ◽  
Local Behavior ◽  
Fish Schools ◽  
Swarm Dynamics ◽  
Technical Vocabulary

Under the term formulas, this chapter investigates complementary strategies in order to describe the dynamics and functions of biological collectives. It examines how, on the basis of patchy empirical data, attempts were made to construct mathematical models concerned with the geometric form of fish schools or with the algorithms of the local behavior of swarm individuals. It thereby follows traces which link biological swarm research to cybernetic ideas of ‘communication’ or ‘information transmission.’ Equipped with a new technical vocabulary, researchers began to describe swarms as ‘systems’ and were able to conceive of them in new ways. Nevertheless, the first approaches to simulating swarm dynamics in the 1970s received little attention, a fact that was likely due to the inability at the time to display dynamic processes visually.

The Influence of Information Control upon On-line Shopping Behavior

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-66
Author(s):  
Linwu Gu ◽  
Milam Aiken ◽  
Jianfeng Wang ◽  
Kustim Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Causal Model ◽  
Structural Equations ◽  
Expected Value ◽  
Shopping Behavior ◽  
Information Control ◽  
Cognitive Absorption ◽  
On Line ◽  
Justice Theories

Previous studies have explored privacy instruments and disclosures as factors that affect on-line shopping intentions or attitudes. However, few have evaluated how information control affects this behavior. This paper draws on psychological and social justice theories to gain an understanding of how information control impacts on-line purchasing directly or indirectly through the mediation of intrinsic motivation. The resulting causal model was validated using structural equations with data from 179 respondents. Results show that perceived information control affects cognitive absorption, and users, as expected, value procedural fairness.

scholarly journals Interrelations among SMED Stages: A Causal Model

Complexity ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Roberto Díaz-Reza ◽  
Jorge Luis García-Alcaraz ◽  
José Roberto Mendoza-Fong ◽  
Valeria Martínez-Loya ◽  
Emilio Jiménez Macías ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latent Variables ◽  
Causal Model ◽  
Structural Equations ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Know How ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Implementation Stages ◽  
Identification Stage ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Structural Equations Model

Mexico has received a lot of foreign investment that has brought in a wide range of novel production philosophies, such as Single Minute Exchange of Dies (SMED). Despite its popularity and reported effectiveness, Mexican companies often quit SMED implementation as they consider it challenging. This usually happens when organizations are not familiarized enough with each one of the SMED stages or do not know how they are interrelated. In this article the interrelations among the different SMED implementation stages by means of a structural equations model are analyzed. Data for constructing the model were gathered from a survey administered to 250 employees from the Mexican maquiladora industry. The survey assessed the importance of 14 activities belonging to the four SMED stages. The descriptive analyses of these stages were conducted and integrated into a structural equations model as latent variables, to find their level of dependency. The model was constructed using WarpPLS 5 software, and direct, indirect, and total effects among variables are analyzed and validated. Results from the model revealed that Stage 1 of SMED implementation, known as the Identification Stage, has both direct and indirect effects on all the other SMED stages, being the most important stage.

A Study of a Computer-Assisted Instructional System Using Causal Modeling

1986 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Dary Erwin ◽  
Randall B. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Causal Model ◽  
Instructional System ◽  
Causal Modeling ◽  
Computer Assisted Instruction ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Assisted Instruction ◽  
Prior Attitudes

A causal model was developed to test the effects of scholastic ability, computing attitudes, and computing background on the use of a computer-assisted instruction (CAI) system called PLATO-LDEC, on attitudes about PLATO-LDEC, on computing attitudes after student's PLATO-LDEC experience, and on course grade. In general, the greater a student's ability as measured by the SAT, the less time the student spent using the PLATO-LDEC courseware. Students' prior attitudes about computers had an effect on how they perceived PLATO-LDEC and how they perceived computers after their CAI experience. Neither prior computing attitudes nor computing background had any effect on PLATO-LDEC usage, and only computing background had a small effect on course grade.

Mathematical Models for the "Schmalhgausent Law"

2003 ◽  
Vol 11 (03) ◽  
pp. 245-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgy P. Karev ◽  
Faina S. Berezovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Empirical Formula ◽  
Polygonal Line ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Logarithmic Scale ◽  
Tree Stand ◽  
Double Logarithmic Scale ◽  
Biological Objects

The empirical formula of growth (decrease) of biological objects, corresponding to polygonal line in double logarithmic scale is discussed. Leslie-type models producing solutions similar to some specific cases of this formula (including logistic-like curve) are studied. As an example, a model of tree stand self-thinning is derived and investigated; the model allows fitting empirical data with high accuracy.

Empirical Factors in the Prediction of Helically Armored Cable Axial Stiffness

1984 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Kurt
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Test Data ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Poisson’S Ratio ◽  
Poisson's Ratio ◽  
Axial Stiffness

The object of this paper is to discuss the use of empirical factors in the prediction of armored cable axial stiffness. The stiffness of the armor wires and core that compose an armored cable are obtained from empirical data. To predict the net axial stiffness of a cable from the stiffnesses of its components a model of how the pitch diameter of an armor wire decreases as the cable is tensioned is required. The pitch diameter contraction is modeled in this paper by an experimentally determined Poisson’s ratio for the cable. The accuracy of cable axial stiffness predictions using these empirical factors is illustrated by comparing the results of mathematical models of armored cable to tension-elongation test data for ten different cables.

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