Multipolar Power Systems and International Stability

1964 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 390-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl W. Deutsch ◽  
J. David Singer
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Diplomatic History ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Classical Literature ◽  
International Stability ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Power Concept

In the classical literature of diplomatic history, the balance-of-power concept occupies a central position. Regardless of one's interpretation of the term or one's preference for or antipathy to it, the international relations scholar cannot escape dealing with it. The model is, of course, a multifaceted one, and it produces a fascinating array of corollaries; among these, the relationship between the number of actors and the stability of the system is one of the most widely accepted and persuasive. That is, as the system moves away from bipolarity toward multipolarity, the frequency and intensity of war should be expected to diminish.

3. Realism

2021 ◽  
pp. 66-102
Author(s):  
Georg Sørensen ◽  
Jørgen Møller ◽  
Robert Jackson
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Thomas Hobbes ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
The Past ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Offensive Realism ◽  
Classical Realism ◽  
Defensive Realism ◽  
Power Concept

This chapter examines the realist tradition in international relations (IR), which is best seen as a research programme with several approaches using a common starting point. It highlights an important dichotomy in realist thought between classical realism and contemporary realism, including strategic and structural approaches. After describing the elements of realism, the chapter discusses the international thought of three outstanding classical realists of the past: Thucydides, Niccolò Machiavelli, and Thomas Hobbes. It then analyses the classical realist thought of Hans J. Morgenthau, along with strategic realism, neorealism, and neoclassical realism. Special attention is devoted to the defensive realism of Kenneth Waltz and the offensive realism of John Mearsheimer. Furthermore, the chapter looks at the recent theoretical debate among realist IR scholars concerning the relevance of the balance of power concept and it shows that realists often disagree among themselves. The chapter concludes with an overview of how the different realist theories treat international and domestic factors.

Study of the Emergency DC Power Support Strategy Based on the Principles of the Generalized Dynamics

2013 ◽  
Vol 732-733 ◽  
pp. 719-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Tao Liu ◽  
Chen Long Li ◽  
Ke Wang
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Dynamic Characteristics ◽  
Transient Stability ◽  
Dynamical Models ◽  
Starting Time ◽  
Dc Power ◽  
Support Strategy ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Dc Power Systems

Emergency HVDC power support (EDCPS) can be used for improving the transient stability of AC/DC power systems, but the effect is directly determined by the quantity, the starting time, the speed and other factors of the power support. In this article, the dynamic characteristics of AC/DC power systems after a fault are analyzed, generalized dynamical models of the AC/DC power system are established, the relationship between the duration and the quantity of the EDCPS and the dynamic characteristics of the system are established based on the impulse theorem, then the EDCPS strategy besed on the principles of the generalized dynamics is proposed. At last, it is verified by examples of simulation that the strategy can effectively improve the stability of the AC/DC power systems after a fault.

3. Realism

2018 ◽  
pp. 69-106
Author(s):  
Robert Jackson ◽  
Georg Sørensen ◽  
Jørgen Møller
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Thomas Hobbes ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Neoclassical Realism ◽  
The Past ◽  
Offensive Realism ◽  
Classical Realism ◽  
Defensive Realism ◽  
Power Concept

This chapter examines the realist tradition in international relations (IR). It highlights an important dichotomy in realist thought between classical realism and contemporary realism, including strategic and structural approaches. After describing the elements of realism, the chapter discusses the international thought of three outstanding classical realists of the past: Thucydides, Niccolò Machiavelli, and Thomas Hobbes. It then analyses the classical realist thought of Hans J. Morgenthau, along with strategic realism, neorealism, and neoclassical realism. Special attention is devoted to the defensive realism of Kenneth Waltz and the offensive realism of John Mearsheimer. Furthermore, the chapter looks at the recent theoretical debate among realist IR scholars concerning the relevance of the balance of power concept and it shows that realists often disagree among themselves. The chapter concludes with an overview of the prospects for the realist tradition as a research programme in IR.

3. Realism

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Jackson ◽  
Georg Sørensen
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Society ◽  
Thomas Hobbes ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
The Past ◽  
Classical Realism ◽  
Social Scientific ◽  
Power Concept ◽  
International Thought

This chapter examines the realist tradition in international relations (IR). It highlights an important dichotomy in realist thought between classical realism and contemporary realism, including strategic and structural approaches. It also considers both classical and social scientific strands of realist thought. After describing the elements of realism, the chapter discusses the international thought of three outstanding classical realists of the past: Thucydides, Niccolò Machiavelli, and Thomas Hobbes. It then analyses the classical realist thought of Hans J. Morgenthau, along with strategic realism and neorealism. Furthermore, it looks at the recent theoretical debate among realist IR scholars concerning the relevance of the balance of power concept, as well as two critiques of realist doctrine: an International Society critique and a revisionist and emancipatory critique. The chapter concludes with an overview of the prospects for the realist tradition as a research programme in IR.

Nuclear Technology, Multipolarity, and International Stability

1966 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 579-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciro Elliott Zoppo
Keyword(s):  
International System ◽  
Arms Control ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nuclear Technology ◽  
Nuclear Deterrence ◽  
Traditional Theory ◽  
System A ◽  
International Stability ◽  
The Stability

Traditional theory of international politics maintains that, other things being equal, a multipolar balance-of-power system. Arms-control theory, on the other hand, generally contends that an increase in independent nuclear powers is a direct threat to the stability of the international system. is more stable than a bipolar system. A bipolar nuclear deterrent relationship is believed to be inherently more stable than one in which equilibrium is maintained among several nuclear powers in independent or alliance relationships. Though the relatively greater stability of a bipolar system may be preferred, its stability is, nevertheless, contingent. Maintaining the stability of mutual nuclear deterrence while restraining aggression is the primary goal of arms control.

scholarly journals Reconceiving the balance of power: a review essay

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 641-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
FENG ZHANG
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Review Essay ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Composite Model ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Direct Evaluation ◽  
Power Models ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractRichard Little's new book has considerably widened the scope for thinking about the balance of power in International Relations (IR), both by beginning to provide a conceptual history of the idea and by expanding existing balance-of-power models. His concept of the associational balance of power is an important corrective to the prevailing realist understanding of the balance of power. However, Little does not explore more fully the relationship between the balance of power as a myth and a reality. Moreover, the usefulness of distinction between adversarial and association balance of power is not given a direct evaluation against the historical record, nor is his own composite model of the balance of power partly based on the distinction fully developed.

scholarly journals Estado e organismos internacionais: limites à cooperação sob a ótica realista/State and international organizations: limits to cooperation under realist optic

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 516-557
Author(s):  
Augusto Leal Rinaldi ◽  
Cristiano Morini
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Research Use ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Relative Power ◽  
Patterns Of Behavior ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
International Anarchy

Uma das abordagens correntes de análise das relações internacionais é aquela que se refere ao relacionamento entre os Estados e as Organizações Internacionais. Temos como objetivo demonstrar que quando os Estados agem conforme seus próprios interesses e determinações, qualquer tentativa de controle por parte das instituições é sobrepujada. A pesquisa se utiliza amplamente de uma literatura ancorada num referencial teórico realista. A discussão avança no sentido de apontar que a condição de anarquia internacional e, subjacente a ela, as relações geradas pelos cálculos da balança de poder são fatores determinantes da limitação à cooperação. Apontamos algumas razões para essa alegação, entre elas: Organizações Internacionais dependem dos Estados para surgir e operar; elas não são grandes players internacionais; são instrumentos que servem para pressionar países de menor poder relativo a aceitar (legitimar) os padrões de comportamento ditados pelas potências dominantes e assegurar-se de que a balança de poder seja mantida ou favorecida à mais forte entre elas; o sistema, fracamente institucionalizado, corrobora para uma ação mais desenvolta das grandes potências. Concluímos, além disso, que o realismo é explicativo da paralisia do Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas, como no caso demonstrado a partir do recente impasse na Síria.Palavras-Chave: Realismo; Organizações Internacionais; Cooperação.  Abstract: One of the current approaches of analysis in international relations is that which refers to the relationship between States and International Organizations. We aim to show that when states act according to their own interests and determinations, any attempt to control by the institutions is surpassed. The research use an extensive literature anchored in a realistic theoretical framework. The discussion progresses to point out that the condition of international anarchy and behind it, the relations generated by the calculations of the balance of power are determinants of limitation of the cooperation. We point out some reasons for this claim, including: International Organizations rely on states to emerge and operate; they are not big international players; are tools that serve to pressure countries to accept lower relative power (legitimate) patterns of behavior dictated by the dominant powers and ensure that the balance of power is maintained or favored the strongest among them; the system, weakly institutionalized, supports for a more nimble action of the great powers. We conclude, furthermore, that realism is explanatory of the paralysis of the Security Council of the UN, as in the case shown from the recent stalemate in Syria.Key Words: Realism; International Organizations; Cooperation.  DOI: 10.20424/2237-7743/bjir.v4n3p516-557 

Ischio-ilial Pinning for Stabilization of Coxo-femoral Luxations: An Anatomical Study

1990 ◽  
Vol 01 (01) ◽  
pp. 31-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Beale ◽  
P. W. Dean ◽  
M. T. Kearney ◽  
D. D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Anatomical Study ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Regional Anatomy ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Insertion Sites ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Dorsal Position ◽  
Nerve Trauma

AbstractBilateral cranio-dorsal coxo-femoral luxations were created in 20 canine cadavers. After reduction, ischio-ilial pins were placed bilaterally, at one of three insertion sites ventral or ventro-lateral to the ischiatic tuberosity. Stability of the reduction was assessed before and after pin placement. All (20) pins placed in the central position prevented the femoral head from luxating to the cranio-dorsal position, while cranio-dorsal luxations occurred in two of 10 cadavers after medial pin placement and two of 10 cadavers after lateral pin placement. The pelvic region was dissected to assess the relationship of the pin to the regional anatomy. Pins placed at the central position were often in contact with the ischiatic nerve, while pins placed in the medial and lateral positions were not. Pins placed in the central position afford the greatest stability; however, they also have the greatest potential of ischiatic nerve trauma.The stability, resulting from ischio-ilial pinning, to prevent coxo-femoral luxation was studied in canine cadavers

Cultural and communicative formulae as a communication mechanism underlying the civilizational community

2021 ◽  
pp. 520-528
Author(s):  
Nataliya Alekseevna Zavyalova
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Significant Information ◽  
Communicative Acts ◽  
Educational Broadcasting ◽  
Cultural Concepts ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Linguistics

The author examines cultural and communicative formulae (CCF) and cultural concepts, noting that they are embedded in the communicative acts characteristic of representatives of a particular civilization. These communicative acts often contain cultural and communicative formulae. The article analyzes the relationship of the CCF with the most important communication tasks that ensure the stability of the civilizational community. Within the framework of the communicative direction, the author says that CCF are involved in a whole group of important functions: informing, describing events happening around; educational, broadcasting socially significant information; regulatory, broadcasting normative information; socially manipulative, consisting in the desire to control the audience; recreational entertainment function. The materials of the article can become the basis for methodological support of the educational process in the fields of International Relations and Linguistics.

scholarly journals Civilizational Basis of National Integration in India

2003 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Algis Prazauskas
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Political Culture ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Controversial Issue ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
National Integration ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Relationship

During the last decade, the concept of civilization as applied to the study of international relations, has become a controversial issue in political science. This article attempts at examining the relationship between civilization and the process of national integration of a multiethnic state. Considering the history of the country, the size and diversity of the population, the Indian case is exceptional. However, for the same reasons it provides ample evidence to establish the relationship between specific features of civilization and the formation of supraethnic political culture as a major prerequisite for the stability of a multiethnic polity.

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