The Concept of Preparation: Some Questions about the Transfer of Systems of Government

1965 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. B. Schaffer

Arecent commentator has suggested that the value to political science of looking at new states is that “one is forced to deal with the most basic questions of politics—the entire set of questions involved in the creation and maintenance of political societies.” Certainly this appears to be true time and again. One is forced to look at the largest questions to the smallest, both because they are vivid and apparent, and because they are also urgent. The basic problem of obligation—why we do things we do not want to do, and allow unpleasant things to be done to us by political leaders, or why we accept the authority of power—is for us either a matter of analysis or of sociological inquiry. Clearly it is more than that in a new state. There the question is a living one, sometimes for a large minority, sometimes for many small sections or groups. The state and the nation are not, as yet, one. Rousseau or Hobbes have come to life.

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Horacio Capel

<p><strong>Resumo:</strong> Manifestação do autor em colóquio onde aborda as possibilidades de transformação do Estado, a partir da criação dessas estruturas políticas, a organização territorial que foi dada no regime liberal e o valor das declarações que aparecem nas Constituições políticas elaboradas. pelos novos estados que foram constituídos nos séculos XIX e XX.</p><p><strong>Palavras-Chaves:</strong> Estado; Organização; Constituição.</p><p><strong>Abstract:</strong> Manifestation of the author in colloquium where he addresses the possibilities of transformation of the State, from the creation of these political structures, the territorial organization that was given in the liberal regime and the value of the declarations that appear in the elaborated political Constitutions. by the new states that were constituted in the 19th and 20th centuries.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> State; Organization; Constitution.</p><p><strong>Data da submissão: 06/02/2020</strong><br /><strong>Data da aceitação: 06/05/2020</strong></p>


2019 ◽  
Vol IV (III) ◽  
pp. 10-16
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shoaib Malik ◽  
Azhar Mahmood Abbasi ◽  
Saima Gul

This article will examine the idea of new states/provinces in India. How India created 16 new states on ethno-lingual, and other lines and accommodate the ethnic groups. The case study of India is focussing on the different factors; including constitutional setup and role of different political parties of India in making of the new state. The following three basic questions investigate the paper’s perspective. First; what has been the basis of demands for the creation of new states in India? Second; what are the main hurdles in the reorganization of state and what urged the redemarcation of states in India? Third; what has been the stance of political Parties about the creation of new states in Indian state?


2018 ◽  
pp. 47-64
Author(s):  
Вікторія Олексіївна Венгерська

The processes of nation- and state-building gain new ground in the conditions of the First World War, which led to the destruction of the continental empires. Such a component (determinant) as national military units is added to the traditional markers, without which it is difficult to imagine the outlined processes. It has been confirmed by time that their availability and level of combat effectiveness played a crucial role in modern state-building. The reasons for their creation and their role in each case had their unique contexts. However, they all became a compelling argument in defending the rights of national states to exist. In the conditions of the Russian Empire, as well as the formation of the Russian "democratic" model, it was virtually impossible to create a separate Ukrainian army. Confirmation of this fact was a significant resistance on the part of Russian senior command staff as well as mid-level officers. Notwithstanding the significant efforts by the Ukrainian activists to create and develop the army in the 1917-1920 period, the Ukrainian project at this stage could not be realized due to unfavorable political external and internal conditions. The Polish army, which ultimately became the main defensive and protective argument of the newly created state, had greater experience of autonomous existence. In the case of Poland and Czechoslovakia, the presence of powerful political leaders, around which military-political unity took place, worked in favor of the implementation of the state project. The Central States as well as Russia and France demonstrated significant interest in the creation and financial support of the Polish legions. This kind of competition for affection (supported by appropriate financial infusions, in particular from France) only contributed to the strengthening of the Polish legions, and provided moral support to its political leaders. In Ukrainian, Polish and Czechoslovakia cases both internal and external factors had worked and contributed to the creation of armies and independent states. Despite considerable similarity in the preconditions of creation and the factor of the Great War, the results of the state creation differed fundamentally in terms of success.


2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alda Cristina Silva da Costa ◽  
Evelyn Cristina Ferreira de Aquino ◽  
Thaís Luciana Correa Braga

On December 11, 2011, a plebiscite was held in Pará proposing to create two separatist states, Carajás and Tapajós, out of the state of Pará. The public voted against both projects. This article analyzes the narrative identities found on the front pages of O Liberal and Diário do Pará newspapers about the plebiscite in Pará. Depth Hermeneutics (DH), as proposed by Thompson (2011), was used as the methodological reference. DH emphasizes the object of analysis as a meaningful symbolic construction requiring interpretation. Narrative analysis, as proposed by Motta (2007), was the main research technique used to highlight the movement of construction of journalistic (discursive) characters. The narrative identities built by the two newspapers showed that both were against the creation of the new states, but for very different reasons. The flag of Pará was the main object used to induce the idea of unity.Em 11 de dezembro de 2011, o plebiscito no Pará propôs a criação dos estados de Carajás e de Tapajós a partir da divisão do estado do Pará. O resultado da consulta pública foi negativo aos dois projetos. O artigo analisa as identidades narrativas constituídas pelas primeiras páginas dos jornais O Liberal e Diário do Pará sobre o plebiscito no Pará. Utilizou-se como referencial metodológico a Hermenêutica em Profundidade (HP), proposta por Thompson (2011). A HP evidencia o fato de que o objeto de análise é uma construção simbólica significativa, que exige uma interpretação. Como principal técnica de pesquisa, a análise narrativa, proposta por Motta (2007), com ênfase no movimento de construção de personagens jornalísticas (discursivas). As identidades narrativas construídas pelos dois jornais indicaram que ambos eram contrários à criação dos novos estados, porém por motivos divergentes. A bandeira do Pará foi o principal elemento utilizado para evocar a ideia de unidade.En 11 de diciembre de 2011, el plebiscito en Pará propuso la creación de los estados Carajás y Tapajós a partir de la división del estado Pará. El resultado de la consulta pública fue negativo para los dos proyectos. El artículo analiza las identidades narrativas constituidas por las primeras páginas de los periódicos O Liberal y Diario de Pará acerca del plebiscito en Pará. Fue utilizado como referencia metodológica la Hermenéutica en Profundidad (HP), propuesto por Thompson (2011). La HP pone de relieve el hecho de que el objeto de análisis es una construcción simbólica significativa, lo que requiere una interpretación. Como principal técnica de la investigación, el análisis narrativo, propuesto por Motta (2007), con énfasis en el movimiento de construcción de personajes periodísticos (discursivos). Las identidades narrativas construidas por los dos periódicos han indicado que ambos se opusieron a la creación de los nuevos estados, pero por diferentes razones. La bandera de Pará fue el elemento principal que se utilizó para evocar la idea de la unidad.


Author(s):  
Jens Dahl

Jens Dahl: Reflections on the category of Indigenous peoples The article deals with the development of the category indigenous peoples and with indigenous peoples’ position both within the thought system of the Western World and within the current work in the United Naions. It argues that the category has been created by forces in the hegemonic society, but the term has been adopted by indigenous peoples themselves, who recognize their common conditions. The term also relates to the process of decolonization and the creation of new States after the Second World War. Indigenous peoples’ demand for self determination is related to the State within which they live, and should not be understood as a violent or revolutionary demand for secession, but as a fundamental right to determine one’s own life and future.


Author(s):  
Jennifer Jackson-Preece ◽  
Maria Norris

At the heart of nationalism lies the belief that humanity is (or ought to be) divided into nations, and that nations are (or ought to be) the basis of independent sovereign states. The basic problem of nationalism is the difficulty (if not impossibility) in making political facts correspond to the national ideal. As a result, scholarship on nationalism deals with complex issues regarding the nature of identity and belonging, as well as the origins and legitimacy of the international system of nation-states. Consequently, this article has not been designed to answer questions, but rather to introduce the international-relations reader to key debates, developments, and controversies in a field that is deeply interdisciplinary. The article comprises works from disciplines as varied as political science, sociology, anthropology, law, and criminology as well as international relations. It has been split into three main sections. The first deals with nationalism theory, which is mostly concerned with the origins of nations and their relationship to the state. The second section takes the study of nationalism further by looking at identity, national or otherwise, and its relationship to belonging. Finally, as long as nationalism has existed, there has been conflict in its name. The last section thus looks at instability and nationalism in its myriad of forms, including secession, self-determination, multiculturalism, and ethnic conflict.


2019 ◽  
pp. 7-30
Author(s):  
Holly Lawford-Smith

Chapter 2 focuses on alternative conceptions of the state. It presents several different models of the state drawn from different academic disciplines: political science, international relations, political philosophy, and international law. These include states as political leaders; states as unified national governments; states as defined in the Montevideo Convention; states as the citizenry taken together (at least in democratic states); states as competing organizations; and states as competing leaders of organizations. It is argued that particular attention should be paid to two of these models: the citizenry taken together (because this accords well with ordinary intuitions about what the state is), and a version of the unified national governments model that restricts membership in the state to those involved in the wider government administration. Both of these models are taken forward into Chapters 3 and 4 (respectively), in asking whether each group counts as a collective agent, capable of intentional action.


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