Barriers to Entry and the Stability of Market Structures: A Note

1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas D. Duchesneau
Keyword(s):  
Barriers To Entry ◽  
Market Structures ◽  
The Stability

Inter-market Variability of Smallholder Beef Cattle Farming in East Java Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-190
Author(s):  
Andrie Kisroh Sunyigono ◽  
Isdiana Suprapti ◽  
Nurul Arifiyanti
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Concentration Ratio ◽  
Perfect Competition ◽  
Commodity Chain ◽  
Barriers To Entry ◽  
Gini Coefficients ◽  
Market Structures ◽  
Output Market ◽  
High Investment ◽  
Analytical Tools

Indonesia has failed to achieve meat self-sufficiency; meanwhile, East Java is among the centers of beef cattle with a relatively high contribution in terms of GDP and employment. Therefore, this study aims to identify and analyze the market structure of the beef cattle commodity chain by considering the concentration ratio, Gini Index, as well as barriers to exit and entry. The study was conducted in Malang Regency and Sapudi Island, with 164 respondents, which consisted of calf suppliers, farmers, traders, and slaughterhouses. Furthermore, the analytical tools used include descriptive, concentration ratio, Gini Coefficient, and analysis of barriers to entry and exit. Based on the results, the market structures in the beef cattle commodity chain in terms of its input market was perfect competition, while the intermediate and output market was oligopoly. These results were confirmed by the concentration ratios of calf suppliers and farmers, which were lower than the ratios of traders and slaughterhouses. Although the market structures were different, their Gini Coefficients are almost similar because a value of 0.2 showed an equitable distribution. Additionally, the barriers to entry into the market were high investment with a large number of import and market problems. Meanwhile, the barriers to exit the market were a large number of potential demands, high investment, and a source of income.

Market Structure of the Banking Sector and the Turkish Banking Sector

2021 ◽  
pp. 584-604
Author(s):  
Nizamülmülk Güneş
Keyword(s):  
Market Structure ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Monopolistic Competition ◽  
Perfect Competition ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Market Failures ◽  
Barriers To Entry ◽  
Entry And Exit ◽  
Market Structures ◽  
Intermediary Role

The main function of banking is to contribute to economic growth by providing sectors outside of the finance section with financing that they need and fulfilling an intermediary role between lenders and borrowers. This intermediary function increases the importance of the banking sector compared to other sectors of the economy. Market structures are very significant in terms of firms' market entry and exit and stay on the market. Markets are subject to four different distinction as perfect competition, monopoly, oligopoly, and monopolistic competition markets. The objective in the market is to ensure efficiency in production and sales by pulling down the costs of production through competition. The factors determining the market structure are the numbers of firms in the sector, the degree of restriction on the entry and exit of firms in the industry, the number of those requesting products and homogeneity degree of product produced The banking sector, unlike other sectors, has unique characteristics. Competition policies which are valid in other sectors are not appropriate for the banking industry. Market openness for instability and market failures change the structure of competition. Asymmetric information, product replacement costs and externalities create barriers to entry which, allows banks to be in a dominant position in their markets. This study examines the main indicators showing concentration, effectiveness, depth, and intermediation functions of Turkish banking sector and investigates in which market structure the sector operates. In this regard, it has made policy recommendations over the results obtained.

The Politics of Oil Markets

2020 ◽  
pp. 319-342
Author(s):  
Wojtek Wolfe
Keyword(s):  
Current Model ◽  
Price Volatility ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Market Structures ◽  
Oil Market ◽  
Interdisciplinary Perspective ◽  
Oil Markets ◽  
The Stability

This chapter examines the politics of oil through economic, political, and geographic lenses in an effort to offer an interdisciplinary perspective on topics that have traditionally been explained through economic sources. The chapter includes an oil market description alongside several empirical cases, as an invitation for researchers to consider the functionality of oil market structures when utilizing a geopolitical lens of analysis in their future research. Politically driven state actions by key oil market actors can affect oil production, trade, and transportation activities. If oil markets are transitioning beyond the current model, then price volatility will continue to increase and test the established boundaries of existing oil markets, as well as the stability of modern commodity exchanges.

scholarly journals Deglobalization ‒ a situational phenomenon or a stable world trend?

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-24
Author(s):  
Iryna Markovych ◽  
Nataliia Bazhanova
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
World Economy ◽  
World Order ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Institutional Factor ◽  
Market Structures ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The World ◽  
Political Globalization ◽  
The Stability

The aim of the article is to identify trends in the world economy in terms of changes in periods of increasing globalization and deglobalization manifestations, supplementing them with a study of the factors that stimulate these manifestations. Economic-financial, social and political globalizations are singled out as planes of globalization processes development. It is shown that economic and financial globalization is characterized by the intensity and conditions of movement of goods and services in international trade flows; organizational and economic transformations of entrepreneurship in the context of innovative changes in the world’s economic development; investment component of the economies functioning; formation of a common financial market, etc. Social globalization finds its expression through cross-cultural and behavioral aspects of interactions in the world; migration processes; the role of the information space in reformatting the world order, etc. Political globalization is manifested in the peculiarities of the influence of the institutional factor on market structures; decision-making procedures at the national and international levels, etc. The cyclical intensification of globalization and deglobalization manifestations in the world economy has been studied, which demonstrates the stability of the tendency to weaken the importance of fragmented supply chains in international trade. It has been proven that the ability to adapt is especially important for companies to be able to use the opportunities that are open to them as actors in today's interconnected world, and not lose their potential under the influence of often contradictory forces, which are due to them. Differences in perceptions of the benefits and threats of globalization forces by different population groups are shown, as well as changes in the geography of global demand, the drivers of skepticism about globalization are outlined, the most important of which are: inequality, and in the interstate context); certainty (vulnerability caused by the possible loss of national identity and its gradual replacement by cultural norms of other countries); impact (vulnerability due to difficult opportunities to counter the decisions and policies of international organizations and multinational companies).

Open discussion

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 ◽  
pp. 605-613
Author(s):  
P. S. Conti
Keyword(s):  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Large Mass ◽  
List Type ◽  
Common Phenomenon ◽  
Open Discussion ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Ring Nebulae

Conti: One of the main conclusions of the Wolf-Rayet symposium in Buenos Aires was that Wolf-Rayet stars are evolutionary products of massive objects. Some questions:–Do hot helium-rich stars, that are not Wolf-Rayet stars, exist?–What about the stability of helium rich stars of large mass? We know a helium rich star of ∼40 MO. Has the stability something to do with the wind?–Ring nebulae and bubbles : this seems to be a much more common phenomenon than we thought of some years age.–What is the origin of the subtypes? This is important to find a possible matching of scenarios to subtypes.

Symmetric Multistep Methods Revisited: II. Numerical Experiments

1999 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 309-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Fukushima
Keyword(s):  
Multistep Methods ◽  
Computational Time ◽  
Integration Time ◽  
Implicit Methods ◽  
Symmetric Methods ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Predictor Corrector ◽  
Symmetric Multistep Methods ◽  
Integration Errors

AbstractBy using the stability condition and general formulas developed by Fukushima (1998 = Paper I) we discovered that, just as in the case of the explicit symmetric multistep methods (Quinlan and Tremaine, 1990), when integrating orbital motions of celestial bodies, the implicit symmetric multistep methods used in the predictor-corrector manner lead to integration errors in position which grow linearly with the integration time if the stepsizes adopted are sufficiently small and if the number of corrections is sufficiently large, say two or three. We confirmed also that the symmetric methods (explicit or implicit) would produce the stepsize-dependent instabilities/resonances, which was discovered by A. Toomre in 1991 and confirmed by G.D. Quinlan for some high order explicit methods. Although the implicit methods require twice or more computational time for the same stepsize than the explicit symmetric ones do, they seem to be preferable since they reduce these undesirable features significantly.

Uniformity of Magnification from Different Electron Microscopes

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 32-33
Author(s):  
Godfrey C. Hoskins ◽  
V. Williams ◽  
V. Allison
Keyword(s):  
Diffraction Grating ◽  
The Other ◽  
Carbon Replica ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
The Stability

The method demonstrated is an adaptation of a proven procedure for accurately determining the magnification of light photomicrographs. Because of the stability of modern electrical lenses, the method is shown to be directly applicable for providing precise reproducibility of magnification in various models of electron microscopes.A readily recognizable area of a carbon replica of a crossed-line diffraction grating is used as a standard. The same area of the standard was photographed in Phillips EM 200, Hitachi HU-11B2, and RCA EMU 3F electron microscopes at taps representative of the range of magnification of each. Negatives from one microscope were selected as guides and printed at convenient magnifications; then negatives from each of the other microscopes were projected to register with these prints. By deferring measurement to the print rather than comparing negatives, correspondence of magnification of the specimen in the three microscopes could be brought to within 2%.

Effect of Improved ThO2 Particle Dispersion in Nickel on High-Temperature Strength

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 444-445
Author(s):  
E. R. Kimmel ◽  
H. L. Anthony ◽  
W. Scheithauer
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Metal Matrix ◽  
Oxide Particle ◽  
Oxide Phase ◽  
Dislocation Motion ◽  
Particle Dispersion ◽  
High Temperature Strength ◽  
Strengthening Effect ◽  
Oxide Particles ◽  
The Stability

The strengthening effect at high temperature produced by a dispersed oxide phase in a metal matrix is seemingly dependent on at least two major contributors: oxide particle size and spatial distribution, and stability of the worked microstructure. These two are strongly interrelated. The stability of the microstructure is produced by polygonization of the worked structure forming low angle cell boundaries which become anchored by the dispersed oxide particles. The effect of the particles on strength is therefore twofold, in that they stabilize the worked microstructure and also hinder dislocation motion during loading.

An Analysis of Dissociation of Molecules in a High Resolution Electron Microscope

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 486-487
Author(s):  
Mihir Parikh
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Peak Intensity ◽  
Molecular Film ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Dissociation Cross Section ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscope ◽  
The Stability

It is well known that the resolution of bio-molecules in a high resolution electron microscope depends not just on the physical resolving power of the instrument, but also on the stability of these molecules under the electron beam. Experimentally, the damage to the bio-molecules is commo ly monitored by the decrease in the intensity of the diffraction pattern, or more quantitatively by the decrease in the peaks of an energy loss spectrum. In the latter case the exposure, EC, to decrease the peak intensity from IO to I’O can be related to the molecular dissociation cross-section, σD, by EC = ℓn(IO /I’O) /ℓD. Qu ntitative data on damage cross-sections are just being reported, However, the microscopist needs to know the explicit dependence of damage on: (1) the molecular properties, (2) the density and characteristics of the molecular film and that of the support film, if any, (3) the temperature of the molecular film and (4) certain characteristics of the electron microscope used

Formation and Structure of Casein Micelles in Lactating Mammary Tissue

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 150-151
Author(s):  
Robert J. Carroll ◽  
Marvin P. Thompson ◽  
Harold M. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Colloidal System ◽  
Casein Micelles ◽  
The Stability

Milk is an unusually stable colloidal system; the stability of this system is due primarily to the formation of micelles by the major milk proteins, the caseins. Numerous models for the structure of casein micelles have been proposed; these models have been formulated on the basis of in vitro studies. Synthetic casein micelles (i.e., those formed by mixing the purified αsl- and k-caseins with Ca2+ in appropriate ratios) are dissimilar to those from freshly-drawn milks in (i) size distribution, (ii) ratio of Ca/P, and (iii) solvation (g. water/g. protein). Evidently, in vivo organization of the caseins into the micellar form occurs in-a manner which is not identical to the in vitro mode of formation.

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