Conference on the Limitation of Armament

1922 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles E. Hughes ◽  
Henry Cabot Lodge ◽  
Oscar W. Underwood ◽  
Elihu Root
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Far East ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Department Of State ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Government ◽  
Far Eastern ◽  
Common Understanding

The undersigned, appointed by the President as Commissioners to represent the Government of the United States at the Conference on Limitation of Armament, have the honor to submit the following report of the Proceedings of the Conference.On July 8, 1921, by direction of the President, the Department of State addressed an informal inquiry to the group of Powers known as the Principal Allied and Associated Powers—that is, Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan—to ascertain whether it would be agreeable to them to take part in a conference on the subject of limitation of armament, to be held in Washington at a time to be mutually agreed upon. In making this inquiry, it was stated to be manifest that the question of Umitation of armament had a close relation to Pacific and Far Eastern problems, and the President suggested that the Powers especially interested in these problems should undertake in connection with the Conference the consideration of all matters bearing upon their solution with a view to reaching a common understanding with respect to principles and policies in the Far East.

Britain, America, and the Far East, 1937-1940: a Failure in Cooperation

1963 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-154
Author(s):  
Nicholas R. Clifford
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Far East ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Foreign Office ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
The Government ◽  
Far Eastern

Most of the scholarly works on British policy in the years preceding World War II have neglected events in the Far East in favor of those in Europe. Any study of recent British diplomacy is, of course, seriously hampered by the lack of Foreign Office documents and by the generally uninformative nature of British memoirs. Nevertheless, the sources which do exist give a picture which, while still incomplete, is interesting for its own sake in showing how the Chamberlain Government met the problems of the Pacific, and also for the light which it sheds on Anglo-American relations in this period. Perhaps nowhere else was there as much consistent misunderstanding and disappointment between London and Washington as over the questions raised by the Sino-Japanese War. The Manchurian episode had left a legacy of distrust between the two countries; just enough was known about the approaches made by the Secretary of State, Henry L. Stimson, to the Foreign Secretary, Sir John Simon, so that many on both sides of the Atlantic believed that Britain had rejected American offers for joint action against Japan in 1932, and that as a result nothing had prevented the Japanese advance. When Stimson's The Far Eastern Crisis appeared in 1936, it was read by many with more enthusiasm than accuracy, and seemed to confirm these views. In Britain it provided ammunition for the critics of the Government, while in the United States it increased the suspicions of those unwilling to trust Britain, and strengthened the trend to isolation.

Demographics and personnel – key problems of the Far East and Transbaikalia /

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 140-147
Author(s):  
A. Tomskikh ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Far East ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Natural Movement ◽  
Growing Economy ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Far Eastern

The article analyzes demographic problems and closely related issues of personnel shortage, which are critically important for the accelerated socio-economic development of the Far East and Transbaikal region in particular. Today, as in the past decades, there is no clear understanding of the solution of these issues in the country, moreover, there is no reliable assessment base that allows to understand the depth of the problems, their localization at the regional and municipal levels and the factors involved in the development of effective management decisions at all levels of government. Therefore, in order to develop a state policy for accelerated socio-economic development of the regions of the Far East, it is necessary to determine priorities that will be appropriately evaluated by the population through its natural movement and migration behaviour. After all, the stabilization of the population of the Far East, and its growth in the future (taking into account the tasks of the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation), is a task that should be solved primarily as a geopolitical one. Current mechanisms in the form of state programs: “Far Eastern hectare”, “Personnel support for the economy of the Far East”, “Development of the education system”, “Promotion of the Far East for work and life”, “Far Eastern mortgage” – do not work as effectively as intended. It is necessary to review the approaches to reformatting the region’s economy as a “new industrialization”, with the experience of the Stolypin reforms of the tsarist government and the Soviet era in the 70s of the twentieth century, but on other innovative principles. China demonstrates this quite well, including the Northern provinces. Their experience of reforms, for example in education, indicates a need to change the control system, expressed in the subordination of the majority of vocational schools at the provincial level, which enabled more productive to go to the formula “school- market and the government” and solve those huge human resource challenges faced by a growing economy

THE SARATOV VOLGA REGION AND THE FAR EAST: THREE CENTURIES OF RELATIONS

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3/1) ◽  
pp. 93-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. G. PETROVICH ◽  
S. I. SAMSONOV
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Far Eastern

The article deals with the dynamics of the development of the Far  East with the help of labor migration in the period from the 1860s to  the present day. The authors analyze the intensity of migration  flows, the reasons for their decline or increase, talk about new settlements founded by immigrants from the Saratov Volga  region in the Amur and Primorye regions of the Russian Empire, and  trace the fate of these settlements to this day. The authors identify  the reasons for the lack of support for the resettlement movement in the Russian Empire by the state until the beginning of the  twentieth century, and the reasons that prompted  the government  to develop an effective resettlement program since 1906. Attention  is paid to the participation of Saratov in the Russian-Japanese war in  the Far East. The extensive statistical material contained in the  official publications following the results of the all-Russian population censuses of 1897, 2002 and 2010 is used. Internet sources,  websites of public organizations, official state bodies, mass media  are attracted. The migration policy of P.A. Stolypin, Prime Minister of  Imperial Russia and former Saratov Governor- General is analyzed.  In comparison with it, the project "far Eastern hectare" is  considered, which the modern Russian government considers as the  main tool for the inflow of population to the vast far Eastern territories. The authors prove the ineffectiveness of the  project due to the small amount of allocated land, their unsuitability  for agriculture or other socially significant activities, remoteness  from communications, the lack of benefits for immigrants on such a scale as it was a century ago. The conclusion to which the  researchers come: only taking into account the experience of  generations of Russians in the development of the Far East, the  traditional connection of the regions of Russia, proved by the  example of the Saratov  Volga region, providing immigrants with all  the necessary and benefits no worse than a century ago, it is  possible to ensure the priority development of the Far East.

FAR EASTERN POLICY OF THE POST-SOVIET RUSSIA IN THE END OF THE XX CENTURY AND THE BEGINNING OF THE 21st CENTURY: CONCEPTS, EXPERT OPINIONS AND PUBLICISTS’ VIEWPOINTS

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3/1) ◽  
pp. 30-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. VASHCHUK
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Far East ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Expert Opinions ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The Government ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
Far Eastern ◽  
The Early 21St Century

Investigation of Russia’s turnabout to the East is a bright feature of  the national humanitarian space of the early 21st century.  Publications on this topic include the works of economists,  geographers, sociologists and historians. It contains various  viewpoints on the part that the Far Eastern region played in the  social and economic development of Russia, as well as different  genres (varying from publicism to scientific research), and expert  assessments and recommendations to the government. The article  deals with historiographic review of the emerging scientific trend and complements it with the methodology of social and political  history. Humanitarians are considered to be part of the transformed  “society-government” system. The analytics covers a variety of  opinions on the two transformation stages of the post-Soviet history: the Far East during the 1990s and the first fifteen years of the 21st  century. That allows tracing the interrelation between the regional  policy and the intellectuals’ reflection on it. The author comes to the  following conclusion: in 1990s speaking about the Far Eastern policy the experts’ society is rather unanimous in characterizing the  consequences of the reforms as disastrous; but regarding the  “turnabout to the East” the opinions become more varied; optimistic  and pessimistic experts present extreme poles. The role of the Far  East the Russian history of the early 21st century is rather  controversial: on the one hand the region is a kind of problem for  the Centre, and on the other hand, active development of the east is an essential part of the new stage in the development of Russia.

The Status of Foreign Concessions and Settlements in the Treaty Ports of China

1937 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 942-948 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Johnstone
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Far East ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The Status ◽  
Treaty Ports ◽  
Foreign Control ◽  
The Right ◽  
Acting In Concert

Hostilities now in progress in the Far East may produce significant changes in the status of foreign concessions and settlements in China. It may be useful, therefore, to classify these areas and to survey their status prior to the present “undeclared war.” Among the several privileges gained by Great Britain, the United States, and France in their treaties with China in 1842–44 was the right of foreign residence in the five ports opened to trade by these treaties: Amoy, Canton, Foochow, Ningpo, and Shanghai. Arrangements for the residence of foreigners and their families in these ports were to be made by the consular officials and the local Chinese authorities acting “in concert together.” These arrangements resulted in the delimitation of areas for foreign residence, generally called “settlements,” which grew into municipalities exempt from Chinese jurisdiction and completely under foreign control. As more ports were opened for trade by the various treaties negotiated after 1844, certain nations requested exclusive areas in many of them. Such areas were generally called “concessions.”

The Failure of the Katsura-Harriman Agreement

1961 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-76
Author(s):  
Richard T. Chang
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Far East ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Partial Control ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Bitter Disappointment ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Far Eastern ◽  
Language Literature ◽  
Do So

Often the availability of new sources raises the need for reinvestigation of established historical events. This is true of the events that lead to the failure of the Far Eastern phase of railroad magnate Edward H. Harriman's proposed world-girdling transportation system, the most ambitious over-seas project ever envisioned by an American entrepreneur. In mid-October 1905, Harriman obtained tentative permission from the Japanese government for partial control of what he considered a vital link in the anticipated route—Japan's railroad in southern Manchuria. Two weeks later, to his bitter disappointment, the Tokyo authorities suspended the agreement, cancelling it in three months. Harriman's scheme in the Far East has been carefully studied by several writers, none of whom used the Japanese sources on the subject. To reinvestigate events in the light of these sources is logical; my attempt is to do so, and to suggest a possible reason for the failure of his plan in Japan that has not been considered in English-language literature.

scholarly journals Territories of Advanced Development as a link in the development of the territorial socio-economic systems

2020 ◽  
pp. 14-24
Author(s):  
П.Я. Бакланов
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
Federal District ◽  
General Description ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The Government ◽  
Far Eastern ◽  
Advanced Development

В 2014 г. в Правительстве РФ был разработан новый инструмент развития Дальнего Востока – создание территорий опережающего развития (ТОР). Был принят специальный федеральный закон (ФЗ). К настоящему времени в Дальневосточном федеральном округе во всех субъектах, кроме Магаданской области, определены 20 ТОР, под которые выделяется компактная территория с наличием благоприятных условий социально-экономического развития и ряда крупных инвестиционных проектов, благодаря чему эта территория может стать точкой роста и способствовать развитию района в целом. В статье приводится общая характеристика ТОР Дальнего Востока, обобщены проблемы, проявляющиеся на стадии их создания. Дается детальная характеристика одной из первых ТОР – Надеждинской, формирующейся вблизи Владивостока. Для этой ТОР был разработан План перспективного развития, включающий оценку основных предпосылок и конкурентных преимуществ ее формирования, обоснование приоритетных видов деятельности, обобщенную оценку экономической эффективности и перспектив пространственного развития. В будущем на Дальнем Востоке возможно образование новых ТОР по глубокой переработке природных ресурсов суши и моря на основе новейших инновационных технологий. В ряде случаев целесообразно создание ТОР регионального значения с введением местных преференций, что будет стимулировать местные инициативы. При этом будут использованы имеющиеся благоприятные условия комплексного пространственного развития. In 2014, the Government of the Russian Federation has established a new tool for the development of the Far East by forming a territory of advanced development (TAD). A specific Federal Law (FL) has been passed. Today, 20 TADs have been determined in all federal units of the Far Eastern Federal District, except for Magadan Oblast. TAD is allocated on a compact area with favorable conditions for socio-economic development and a number of large investment projects, stipulating its conversion into a growth point and input to the development of the region as a whole. The article provides a general description of the TADs in the Far East with their schematic maps, generalizes the problems that appear at the stage of their creation. A detailed description of one of the first TAD, Nadezhdinskaya TAD, near Vladivostok is given. A long-term development plan, highlighting and justifying the priority economic activities and resident companies was developed for this TAD under the supervision of the author.

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