An Innovation in International Arbitral Tribunals–The Swiss–Allied Accord

1952 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 464-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nat B. King
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Private Property ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
The United Kingdom

Private property of enemies lost its absolute inviolability when at the end of World War I it was subjected to the claims of Allied nationals against Germany. After World War II enemy exterior assets became the object of reparations at the Potsdam Conference between the Governments of the United States, the Union of Soviet Socialist Eepublics, and the United Kingdom. To implement the Potsdam Agreement the Allied Control Council for Germany on October 30, 1945, enacted Law No. 5 which, inter alia, purported to vest in the Council title to German private assets in the neutral countries. In Switzerland this action eventually culminated in the Swiss-Allied Accord of May 25,1946, between France, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Switzerland, which provided for the liquidation of German property in Switzerland4 valued at approximately 150 million dollars. The proceeds of liquidation are to go fifty percent to Switzerland and fifty percent to the several governments signatory to the Paris Reparations Agreement of December 21, 1945.

Victors Defeated

2020 ◽  
pp. 32-62
Author(s):  
Martin Crotty ◽  
Neil J. Diamant ◽  
Mark Edele
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
Simple Correlation ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
War Effort

This chapter look at cases that complicate any simple correlation between victorious wars and veterans' high postwar status. It examines the United States and the United Kingdom after World War I, the United Kingdom after World War II, Soviet veterans after both world wars, and China. It also elaborates how victory did not prevent many former soldiers from feeling betrayed by their governments, and often by society as well. The chapter discusses American World War I veterans that point to some gains after a limited contribution to the war effort and after many years of agitation. It describes the United Kingdom, long-suffering frontoviki in the USSR, and China's veterans that languished in obscurity for decades despite having paid a far higher price for their victory.

The Politically Weak

2020 ◽  
pp. 93-119
Author(s):  
Martin Crotty ◽  
Neil J. Diamant ◽  
Mark Edele
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Political Process ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Political ◽  
World War ◽  
Long Period ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Democratic Systems

This chapter investigates the cases of victory and defeat and explains what politically influential veterans were able to produce to secure benefits and rights. It focuses on China after its long period of war and civil war that ended in 1949, the United Kingdom after both world wars, the United States after World War I, and the USSR after World War II. It analyses the cases wherein veterans had little or limited success in securing meaningful social and political status. The chapter identifies factors that determine the veterans' status, where it is victory or defeat, or authoritarian versus democratic systems of government. It discusses the political process and the attempts to convert claims into entitlements in order to explain the negative outcomes for the veterans of victorious armies.

Art Loans and Immunity from Seizure in the United States and the United Kingdom

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence M. Kaye
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Good Faith ◽  
Russian Revolution ◽  
World War ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The U.S

AbstractSome countries' laws favoring good-faith purchasers over the victims of theft make it difficult to recover stolen artworks. Nonetheless, the loan of such artworks for exhibition abroad may create opportunities to utilize the host country's legal system for recovery. This article examines representative cases illustrating legal options available to plaintiffs in the United States and the United Kingdom. In the United States, laws at the federal and state level may prevent the seizure of artworks loaned for temporary exhibition, but recent cases show that immunity is not absolute and that such artworks may be subject to suit in the United States. The United Kingdom recently enacted a similar law. That law, however, has been criticized, and future interpretations by U.K. courts will be needed before its true affect can be seen. The article also discusses the backgrounds against which the U.S. and U.K. laws were enacted, illustrating the link between the laws and Russian concerns about protecting cultural artifacts that were nationalized after the Russian Revolution or taken by Soviet troops during World War II.

Compliance with Price Controls in the United States and the United Kingdom During World War II

1987 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geofrey Mills ◽  
Hugh Rockoff
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
Price Controls ◽  
The United Kingdom

We are concerned here with the evasion of price controls in the United States and the United Kingdom in World War II. The evidence suggests that controls produced less evasive activity in the United Kingdom. After considering several explanations we conclude that the key was the degree of regimentation. The British controlled all stages of production, limited the range of products available at each stage, and allocated relatively more resources to managing and enforcing controls.

scholarly journals The Politics of Food and the Disintegration of the Anglo-Canadian Trade Relationship, 1947-1948

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. W. Muirhead
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
The United States ◽  
Canadian History ◽  
World War ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Trade Relationship

Abstract This paper examines a somewhat peripheral event in postwar transatlantic diplomacy, the 1947-48 food negotiations between Canada and the United Kingdom, because the process and the outcome of these talks illuminate the deterioration in the traditionally close relationship between the two countries. Because of the financial strains caused by British wartime expenditures, Canada was unable to negotiate a reestablishment of the prewar trade relationship, in which surpluses in her trade with Great Britain financed deficits in her accounts with the United States. The British negotiating strategy forced the Canadian government to reconsider its traditional dependence on the British connection, which had hitherto been so fundamental to Canadian history. This paper therefore challenges the view that Canadian politicians ''sold out'' the country in shifting attention from Britain to the United States after World War II.

A Century of Legal Studies

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Duxbury
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
The United States ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
World War ◽  
Legal Scholarship ◽  
Legal Studies ◽  
The United Kingdom

This article focuses on developments in legal studies since 1960 in the United States and England (meaning England specifically, rather than the United Kingdom). As regards the United States, legal scholarship of the first half of the twentieth century forms an important backdrop to what happened during the second half of the century, and so it is almost inevitable that there is contextual work to be undertaken. English legal scholarship of the first half of the twentieth century has received less attention, perhaps because the study of law there remained — certainly in comparison with developments in the United States — a fledgling professional activity until after World War II.

scholarly journals The Rise of the Small Investor in the United States and United Kingdom, 1895 to 1970

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
JANETTE RUTTERFORD ◽  
DIMITRIS P. SOTIROPOULOS
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Stock Market ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
Post World War Ii ◽  
The Uk

The role of the small shareholder has been largely ignored in the literature, which has tended to concentrate on controlling shareholders and family ownership. Yet, focus on the importance of small shareholders can capture significant aspects of financial development. Pre-1970 debates and policy conflicts linked to stock exchange development concentrated on shareholder democracy and diffusion as key indicators. This article explores the so-called democratization of investment and the factors behind it through the lens of trends in estimates of the UK and U.S. shareholding populations between 1895 and 1970. It covers three key periods: before World War I, before and after the stock market crash of 1929, and post-World War II. It identifies three periods in the United States when shareholder numbers were paramount: in the boom years of the 1920s, as part of the inquest into the 1929 crash, and post-World War II in an attempt to boost stock market activity. In the United Kingdom, although some concern was expressed during the 1920s and 1930s at the passive nature of small investors, who held diversified portfolios with small amounts in each holding, it was the fear of nationalization after World War II that led to more in-depth shareholder estimates.

scholarly journals The UK-US Game and UK's Return to Gold Standard

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 324
Author(s):  
Zheming Zhang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Economic System ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
International Economic Order ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
The Uk

<p>With the continuous development and evolution of the United States, especially the economic center shift after World War II, the United States become the economic hegemon instead of the UK and thus it seized the economic initiative of the world. After the World War I, the European countries gradually withdraw from the gold standard. In order to stabilize the world economy development and the international economic order, the United States prepared to build the economic system related with its own interests so as to force the UK to return to the gold standard. The game between the United States and the UK shows the significance of economic initiative. Among them, the outcome of the two countries in the fight of the financial system also demonstrates a significant change in the world economic system.</p>

scholarly journals Politicizing Religion

2021 ◽  
pp. 73-99
Author(s):  
Uta A. Balbier
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Cold War ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Media ◽  
Media Discourses ◽  
The Cold War

This chapter defines Graham’s crusades in the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom in the 1950s as powerful cultural orchestrations of Cold War culture. It explores the reasons of leading political figures to support Graham, the media discourses that constructed Graham’s image as a cold warrior, and the religious and political worldviews of the religious organizers of the crusades in London, Washington, New York, and Berlin. In doing so, the chapter shows how hopes for genuine re-Christianization, in response to looming secularization, anticommunist fears, and post–World War II national anxieties, as well as spiritual legitimizations for the Cold War conflict, blended in Graham’s campaign work. These anxieties, hopes, and worldviews crisscrossed the Atlantic, allowing Graham and his campaign teams to make a significant contribution to creating an imagined transnational “spiritual Free World.”

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