Systems of transfinite types involving λ-conversion

1953 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice L'Abbé

The problem of constructing formal systems involving transfinite types was briefly suggested many times in the literature. Actually few attempts have been made to develop such systems. In particular, there exists a system based on a set of axioms and rules of inference suggested by Church and worked out in detail by E. Bustamante in his dissertation. Recently, John Kemeny has reformulated this system in a simplified way and has obtained an interesting hierarchy of systems. It so happens that all these systems considered by Kemeny may be regarded as successive extensions of a particular formulation of the theory of finite types, namely a certain monadic functional calculus of order ω whose main ideas are due to Tarski.There exists on the other hand a quite different formulation of the theory of finite types which is due to Church. It is a formulation which incorporates certain features of the calculus of λ-conversion, and which has revealed itself quite advantageous for certain purposes. The formulation of the theory of transfinite types which we are going to introduce in this paper may be considered as an attempt to generalize Church's formulation of the theory of finite types.


1986 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-151
Author(s):  
Stanislaw Karolak

This paper is concerned with the analysis of the theory of the French article presented in the classical work by Guillaume "Le problème de l'article et sa solution dans la langue française". The paper emphasizes Guillaume's search for the semantic nature of the relationships determining the distribution of articles. The paper supports Guillaume, who seems to claim, contrary to what is commonly believed, that the function of the articles is non inherent in them, but that it is determined by the semantic properties of the nouns which select them. Treating this claim as the starting point, the paper focuses on the analysis of various senses of noun phrases, carried out in terms of the functional calculus. The applied method invalidates the extensional theory of the noun accepted by Guillaume, as well as a number of generalisations made by him. The paper shows logical and semantic conditions of some rules governing the use of the article. They differ from those proposed by Guillaume in that they seem to reach a deeper level of linguistic mechanisms. On the other hand, the emphasis is laid on Guillaume's subtle analysis and detailed observations, which stand in a sharp contrast to his rather vague generalizations.



2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-23
Author(s):  
Dariusz Dąbek

This article seeks to show that E.A. Milne’s philosophy of science has its roots in the philosophy of Aristotle and it could be an inspiration for Popper’s philosophy. The similarities with Aristotle’s concept are as follows: 1) the aim of science is to explain phenomena by discovering general principles; 2) the mind is responsible for discovering them, although experience guides the search; 3) deducing detailed statements from general assumptions is the most important element of research. On the other hand, Milne’s proposal is consistent with Popper’s main ideas: 1) criticism of the principle of induction; 2) preference for the hypothetical-deductive method (assumptions should be bold hypotheses that require empirical testing to be accepted); 3) appreciation of falsification and confidence in the effectiveness of deductive logic.



Ceļš ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
pp. 77-86
Author(s):  
Ilze Jansone ◽  
Ilze Jankovska

Today, we do not talk about death very much; if we do, we talk about mass death in media which is an estranged tragedy and does not appeal to us. On the other hand, the spirit of the time which we live in tries to prevent us from aging mostly by using consumerist philosophy, thus placing death and dying, and, especially, the consciousness of our own death in the grey zone. In this article, we aspire to sketching the main attitudes toward death in consumerist society, using theories of consumerism and also Google Analytics in order to define the lifestyle of the contemporary consumerist. Then, with some examples from the point of view of philosophy of religion and also keeping in mind the theology of Book of Job from the perspective of philosophy of religion, we will try to find an answer to the question – “how does the theology of the Book of Job or the interpretations thereof can help us to form our style of death?” Two main ideas are synthesised in the course of the article: firstly, consumerist lifestyle can be characterised as “desire for the desire”, while in Book of Job, when it is read from the consumerist’s perspective, one can see the repeating of faith, which is also an essential part of the theology of Soren Kierkegaard. Thus, the synthesis of these conclusions can construct consumer’s “death style”, which can be defined as “desire for the everlasting”.



2006 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 903-957 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.G. Raftery

Most Gentzen systems arising in logic contain few axiom schemata and many rule schemata. Hilbert systems, on the other hand, usually contain few proper inference rules and possibly many axioms. Because of this, the two notions tend to serve different purposes. It is common for a logic to be specified in the first instance by means of a Gentzen calculus, whereupon a Hilbert-style presentation ‘for’ the logic may be sought—or vice versa. Where this has occurred, the word ‘for’ has taken on several different meanings, partly because the Gentzen separator ⇒ can be interpreted intuitively in a number of ways. Here ⇒ will be denoted less evocatively by ⊲.In this paper we aim to discuss some of the useful ways in which Gentzen and Hilbert systems may correspond to each other. Actually, we shall be concerned with the deducibility relations of the formal systems, as it is these that are susceptible to transformation in useful ways. To avoid potential confusion, we shall speak of Hilbert and Gentzen relations. By a Hilbert relation we mean any substitution-invariant consequence relation on formulas—this comes to the same thing as the deducibility relation of a set of Hilbert-style axioms and rules. By a Gentzen relation we mean the fully fledged generalization of this notion in which sequents take the place of single formulas. In the literature, Hilbert relations are often referred to as sentential logics. Gentzen relations as defined here are their exact sequential counterparts.



2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 243
Author(s):  
Wildhan Burhanuddin

The research aimed to find out the improvement of students’ reading comprehension in terms of finding main ideas and meaning of words at the students’ of SMPN 4 Libureng in the 2012/2013 academic year. This research used A Classroom Action Research that consisted two cycles. The sample of this research consisted of 22 students, those consisted of six women and twelve men.The researcher obtained the data by using reading test and observation sheet. The results of the student's reading test in cycle I and cycle II had significantly different scores.  There was a better increase of gains by students at the end of the action in the second cycle. In the cycle, I, the students’ achievement of main ideas was 6,09, but after evaluation in cycle II, the students’ reading comprehension become 7,62.The other hand the students’ meaning of words was improved too from cycle I to cycle II, whereas in the students’ achievement of the meaning of words was 6,13, but after evaluation in cycle II, the students’ achievement becomes 7,74. From the findings indicated that there was the improvement in the students’ reading comprehension from cycle I to cycle II, whereas in cycle I students’ achievement reading comprehension was 23,81, but after evaluating in cycle II the students’ reading comprehension became 25,69. While the standard target achievement KKM 66. From these findings, the researcher made the conclusion that by using an eclectic approach could improve the students’ reading comprehension achievement.   Key Word: Eclectic Approach, Improve, Reading Comprehension



Scriptorium ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 134
Author(s):  
Thales Sant'Ana Ferreira Mendes

Pretendemos expor as ideias principais que norteiam a produção crítica de Carvalho Júnior. Relembrado pelos estudiosos como poeta de alguns poemas “carnais”, o autor é extremamente desconhecido enquanto crítico literário e político; não obstante, contribuiu para a formação de uma crítica literária brasileira. Tomando como fonte o corpus recolhido por Arthur Barreiros (1879), este artigo funciona como uma introdução a essa produção de Carvalho Júnior. Assim, dividimo-lo em duas partes centrais: uma referente às suas concepções de literatura e de sistema literário, e outra sobre sua crítica literária e seu método crítico. Com isto, analisamos como o aporte estabelecido naquela influiu na prática desta. Demonstramos que a concepção de literatura do autor, alinhada a seus posicionamentos políticos, se baseia num ideal positivista, sobretudo taineano: haveria um vínculo estreito entre sociedade e produção artística, de forma que esta seria produto do meio e, juntamente com ele, evoluiria. Sua crítica literária, por outro lado, se pende para o Realismo-Naturalismo, parece nunca ter abandonado os sestros românticos, ou mesmo os clássicos, fazendo-o recorrer a Staël, Schlegel, Dumas filho e Aristóteles. É, por fim, uma crítica literária bem representativa do clima intelectual de 1870-1890, sobretudo no que diz respeito à confluência de estéticas literárias. *** Carvalho Júnior, literary and political critic ***This paper aims at presenting the main ideas that constitute the critical production of Carvalho Júnior. The author, remembered by many scholars as the poet of some sensual poems, is entirely unknown as a literary and political critic. Nevertheless, he contributed to the formation of a Brazilian literary criticism. Thus, this paper works as an introduction to Carvalho Júnior’s literary criticism, taking as a source the corpus collected by Arthur Barreiros (1879). For this purpose, we divided the paper in two central parts: one concerning his conceptions of literature and of literary system, and another about his literary criticism and his critical method. We analyse how the contribution established in that one influenced the practice of his criticism. We demonstrate that his conception of literature, attached to his political positions, was based on a positivist ideal: there would be a link between the society and its artistic production, so that the latter would be a product of the milieu and, along with it, would evolve. His literary criticism, on the other hand, although adept of the Realism-Naturalism, never excluded the romantic and even classic tendencies, making Carvalho Júnior turn to Staël, Schlegel, Dumas fils and Aristotle. Lastly, his literary criticism is representative of the 1870-1890 intelligentsia, mainly concerning the confluence of literary aesthetics.Keywords: Francisco Antônio de Carvalho Júnior; literary criticism; 19th century.



Author(s):  
Yanliang ZHANG

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.This paper summarizes the main ideas and viewpoints of Professor Fan Ruiping’s essay “The Current Epidemic: Appealing to the Ethical Resources of Confucian Civilization” and advances three opinions for discussion. On the one hand, it affirms Professor Fan Ruiping’s contribution in resorting to the ethical resources of Confucian civilization to solve the various dilemmas brought about by the pandemic. On the other hand, it points out that the ethical resources of Confucian civilization are limited in their capacity to solve these dilemmas.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 5 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.



2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 424
Author(s):  
Avesta Kamal Mahmud

 This research under name of (Pragmatics Impairment and complexity of Linguistic Domain: Psycho-linguistic Analysis for pragmatic Disorders) In one hand Pragmatics is the ability to appropriately interact with another by Using language in the social situation and Connecting with others, on the other hand pragmatics disorders are Inability to take turns during conversation, Inability to engage in the give and take of a conversation. this research analysis the main ideas about this type of disorders therefore it discusses the main causes that affect language comprehension and fluency, for this matter we used clinical linguistics, neurolinguistics and psycholinguistics to show how people who had this disorders struggling and how we can treat them especially how Kurdish language speakers will be affect in this level of language.



1999 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 249-254
Author(s):  
A.M. Silva ◽  
R.D. Miró

AbstractWe have developed a model for theH2OandOHevolution in a comet outburst, assuming that together with the gas, a distribution of icy grains is ejected. With an initial mass of icy grains of 108kg released, theH2OandOHproductions are increased up to a factor two, and the growth curves change drastically in the first two days. The model is applied to eruptions detected in theOHradio monitorings and fits well with the slow variations in the flux. On the other hand, several events of short duration appear, consisting of a sudden rise ofOHflux, followed by a sudden decay on the second day. These apparent short bursts are frequently found as precursors of a more durable eruption. We suggest that both of them are part of a unique eruption, and that the sudden decay is due to collisions that de-excite theOHmaser, when it reaches the Cometopause region located at 1.35 × 105kmfrom the nucleus.



Author(s):  
A. V. Crewe

We have become accustomed to differentiating between the scanning microscope and the conventional transmission microscope according to the resolving power which the two instruments offer. The conventional microscope is capable of a point resolution of a few angstroms and line resolutions of periodic objects of about 1Å. On the other hand, the scanning microscope, in its normal form, is not ordinarily capable of a point resolution better than 100Å. Upon examining reasons for the 100Å limitation, it becomes clear that this is based more on tradition than reason, and in particular, it is a condition imposed upon the microscope by adherence to thermal sources of electrons.



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