scholarly journals Computably categorical structures and expansions by constants

1999 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Cholak ◽  
Sergey Goncharov ◽  
Bakhadyr Khoussainov ◽  
Richard A. Shore
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Model Theory ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Effective Model ◽  
Constructive Model ◽  
Basic Definition ◽  
Decidable Theories ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
The Given

Effective model theory is the subject that analyzes the typical notions and results of model theory to determine their effective content and counterparts. The subject has been developed both in the former Soviet Union and in the west with various names (recursive model theory, constructive model theory, etc.) and divergent terminology. (We use “effective model theory” as the most general and descriptive designation. Harizanov [6] is an excellent introduction to the subject as is Millar [13].) The basic subjects of model theory include languages, structures, theories, models and various types of maps between these objects. There are many ways to introduce considerations of effectiveness into the area. The two most prominent derive from starting, on the one hand, with the notion of a theory and its models or, on the other, with just structures.If one begins with theories, then a natural version of effectiveness is to consider decidable theories (i.e., ones with a decidable (equivalently, computable or recursive) set of theorems). When one moves to models and wants them to be effective, one might start with the requirement that the model (of any theory) have a decidable theory (i.e., Th (), the set of sentences true in , is decidable). Typically, however, one wants to be able to talk about the elements of the model as well as its theory in the given language. Thus one naturally considers the model as a structure for the language expanded by adding a constant ai, for each element ai of . Of course, one requires that the mapping from the constants to the corresponding elements of be effective (computable). We are thus lead to the following basic definition:A structure or model is decidable if there is a computable enumeration ai of A, the domain of , such that Th(, ai,) is decidable. (Of course, ai, is interpreted as ai, for each i Є ω.)

Classification of phraseological synonyms in English and Azerbaijani

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 134-137
Author(s):  
Dilara Rashid Khanbabayeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
European Association ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
East German ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
The Given

The presented article deals with the classification of English synonyms. The notion of phraseology is wide.Here concepts of some distinguished scientists are presented in the given article. Phraseology (from Greek φράσις phrasis, "way of speaking" and -λογία -logia, "study of") is a scholarly approach to language which developed in the twentieth century. It took its start when Charles Bally's notion of locutions phraseologiques entered Russian lexicology and lexicography in the 1930s and 1940s and was subsequently developed in the former Soviet Union and other Eastern European countries. From the late 1960s on it established itself in (East) German linguistics but was also sporadically approached in English linguistics. The earliest English adaptations of phraseology are by Weinreich (1969) within the approach of transformational grammar, Arnold (1973), and Lipka. In Great Britain as well as other Western European countries, phraseology has steadily been developed over the last twenty years. The activities of the European Society of Phraseology (EUROPHRAS) and the European Association for Lexicography (EURALEX) with their regular conventions and publications attest to the prolific European interest in phraseology. European scholarship in phraseology is more active than in North America. Bibliographies of recent studies on English and general phraseology are included in Welte (1990) and specially collected in Cowie & Howarth (1996) whose bibliography is reproduced and continued on the internet and provides a rich source of the most recent publications in the field. Key words: phraseology,synonym,language,linguistics,scientist

scholarly journals Armenia as a Regional Centre for Astronomy for Development activities

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (H16) ◽  
pp. 565-565
Author(s):  
A. Mickaelian
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Development Organization ◽  
East Region ◽  
Promotional Materials ◽  
Summer Schools ◽  
The One ◽  
Middle East Region ◽  
Virtual Observatories ◽  
Observational Instruments

AbstractThe Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory (BAO, Armenia, http://www.bao.am) are among the candidate IAU Regional Nodes for Astronomy for Development activities. It is one of the main astronomical centers of the former Soviet Union and the Middle East region. At present there are 48 qualified researchers at BAO, including six Doctors of Science and 30 PhDs. Five important observational instruments are installed at BAO, the larger ones being 2.6m Cassegrain (ZTA-2.6) and 1m Schmidt (the one that provided the famous Markarian survey). BAO is regarded as a national scientific-educational center, where a number of activities are being organized, such as: international conferences (4 IAU symposia and 1 IAU colloquium, JENAM-2007, etc.), small workshops and discussions, international summer schools (1987, 2006, 2008 and 2010), and Olympiads. BAO collaborates with scientists from many countries. The Armenian Astronomical Society (ArAS, http://www.aras.am/) is an NGO founded in 2001; it has 93 members and it is rather active in the organization of educational, amateur, popular, promotional and other matters. The Armenian Virtual Observatory (ArVO, http://www.aras.am/Arvo/arvo.htm) is one of the 17 national VO projects forming the International Virtual Observatories Alliance (IVOA) and is the only VO project in the region serving also for educational purposes. A number of activities are planned, such as management, coordination and evaluation of the IAU programs in the area of development and education, establishment of the new IAU endowed lectureship program and organization of seminars and public lectures, coordination and initiation of fundraising activities for astronomy development, organization of regional scientific symposia, conferences and workshops, support to Galileo Teacher Training Program (GTTP), production/publication of educational and promotional materials, etc.

scholarly journals Uzbekistan: Higher Education Reforms and the Changing Landscape Since Independence

2018 ◽  
pp. 435-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kobil Ruziev ◽  
Umar Burkhanov
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Access To Higher Education ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Higher Education Reforms ◽  
Quality Of Higher Education ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
The One

AbstractThis chapter is the first study that carefully documents higher education (HE) reforms in Uzbekistan since the demise of the former Soviet Union. It analyses evolution of the sector with clear emphasis on government policy and its impact on changing the country’s higher education landscape since independence. The study highlights complex interactions between the distinct pre- and post-independence contexts, policy legislation and its implementation on the one hand, and the demands of the new market-based economic system and the requirements of building and strengthening state institutions to support the transition process on the other hand. The paper will show why the country’s peculiar ‘strictly top-down’ approach to reforms has not been successful in improving a number of key areas including access to higher education, and human as well as physical capacities of higher education institutions which ultimately determine the quality of higher education provisioning.

Writing the Intifada Collective Action in the Occupied Territories

1993 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 560-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian S. Lustick
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Gaza Strip ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Occupied Territories ◽  
West Bank And Gaza ◽  
The Media ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

The five-year-old Palestinian uprising, the intifada, was the first of many mass mobilizations against nondemocratic rule to appear in the Middle East, Eastern Europe, East Asia, and the former Soviet Union between 1987 and 1991. Although the Palestinian struggle against Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip is seldom included by the media or by social scientists in their treatments of this putative wave of “democratization,” many studies of the uprising are available. Although largely atheoretic in their construction of the intifada and in their explanations for it, the two general questions posed by most of these authors are familiar to students of collective action and revolution. On the one hand, why did it take twenty years for the Palestinians to launch the uprising? On the other hand, how, in light of the individual costs of participation and the negligible impact of any one person's decision to participate, could it have occurred at all? The work under review provides broad support for recent trends in the analysis of revolution and collection action, while illustrating both the opportunities and the constraints associated with using monographic literature as a data base.

CALLex: a CALL game to study lexical relationships based on a semantic database

ReCALL ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 11 (S1) ◽  
pp. 50-56
Author(s):  
Henriëtte Visser
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Computational Linguistics ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Linguistic Resources ◽  
The One ◽  
Student Input ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Semantic Database

This paper presents the prototype of CALLex, a program for learning lexical functions, created by a project funded by INTAS, a European organisation promoting cooperation between the European Union and the states of the former Soviet Union, developed by the Laboratory of Computational Linguistics at the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, supported by the universities of Klagenfurt, Austria and Heidelberg, Germany. The goal of the program is to facilitate language learning through several linguistic games in order to improve the lexical command of the language studied. The CALLex games access a lexico-semantic database consisting of two dictionaries, Russian and German, each containing roughly 1000 lexemes. The lexical functions cover a wide variety of lexical relationships, which can be roughly divided into three major groups: (1) collocations, which are syntagmatic relationships, such as ‘do x, nave x, or being in the state of x’, (trade) = conduct (trade) or (anger) = feel (anger), (2) substitutions, i.e. paradigmatic relationships, e.g. ‘a lexeme whose meaning is opposite to x’, (appear) = disappear, (courage) = cowardice, and (3) other prototypical relationships, ‘head of what is denoted by x’, (university) = rector, (tribe) = chief. While studying the combinatorial capabilities of a word and its most ‘idiomatic’ collocations, the student can get a feel for semantic fields and obtain structured access to the vocabulary and its syntactic expression in the foreign language. The strict separation of the CALL program and the underlying database facilitates the expansion of the linguistic resources on the one hand and the adaptation or the linguistic games to new didactic approaches on the other hand. This paper highlights the function of the database in the background of the program and the treatment of illrormed student input. Although some adjustments were made during the course of the project, a more flexible approach seems necessary. Here we envisage a component separate from, but interacting with the database, allowing for a more robust treatment of ill-formed input.

Neo-Realism and the future of strategy

1993 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael C. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Warsaw Pact ◽  
Political Landscape ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Way

To speak of the ‘future’ of strategy is to reveal a deep tension in the way we commonly think about the subject. On the one hand we are confronted by revolutionary changes in the geo-political landscape. The transformation of Europe, the fragmentation of the Soviet Union, and the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact, for example, encourage the belief that the Cold War—a term which has been almost synonymous with-strategy for nearly half a century—is now an historical artifact. These events, analyzed so intensively by leaders and commentators, open up significant questions about the future of strategy.

scholarly journals Research Package Efficiency General Cargo

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 6880-6884 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Feasibility Studies ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Packaged Goods ◽  
General Cargo ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Technical And Economic Indicators ◽  
The Given ◽  
Special Meaning

The main reasons of the countries of the former Soviet Union lagging behind economically developed countries in the field of delivery of packaged goods is the lack of feasibility studies and specific organizational measures for the introduction of packaged transportation. Both of these circumstances acquire a special meaning and significance in the conditions of developing a market economy in the country. The purpose of the article is to show that the delivery of packaged goods is influenced by various factors, such as the size of vehicles, type of transport containers, methods of stacking cargo units on transport containers, etc., which are described in the article. The study applies economic criteria and principles of transport logistics and defines the areas of application of transport packaging for the delivery of packaged goods on the basis of specific technical and economic indicators. As a result of the study, the fields of application of transport packaging are determined to depend on the given parameters of packaging cargo. The necessity of a full feasibility study of packaged transportation is shown, as well as the costs of using transport packaging, as well as the cost of forming a transport package should be taken into account.

scholarly journals Universal Human Values as Axiological Values

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 802-816
Author(s):  
Mukhtasar Abdullaeva ◽  
Shakhnoza Jalolova ◽  
Mavluda Kengboyeva ◽  
Khakima Davlatova
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Human Values ◽  
The West ◽  
The Subject

This article analyzes the fact that the subject of values is the basis of a number of worldviews, forms the central part of them, that many philosophical currents and thinkers have not bypassed this topic, and other issues. Also in the books and pamphlets devoted to the philosophical-historical analysis of the subject by scholars and experts living in the West and Europe, Russia and other parts of the former Soviet Union, this analysis focuses mainly on the heritage and value of European scholars.

Mission Impossible? The IMF and the failure of the market transition in Russia

1999 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 183-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER RUTLAND
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
American Government ◽  
Capitalist System ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Old Order ◽  
The Us ◽  
Policy Elite ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cold War

Until the second half of the 1990s, Western commentary about the former Soviet Union and the new Russia basically divided into two camps. On the one side stood those who not only welcomed the end of the USSR but looked forward to the ‘brave new world’ they hoped would be built on the debris left behind by the old order. Having failed to anticipate the demise of Soviet communism,< the optimists now predicted a bright new capitalist future for Russia. With excellent access to those in power, they were clearly the most favoured group with Western governments in general and the American government in particular. Certainly, within the US foreign policy elite it was broadly assumed that successful reform in Russia and Russia's integration into the larger capitalist system, was both feasible and necessary. As Strobe Talbott, the architect of American strategy towards Russia, observed in the early days of the Clinton administration, reform in Russia was not just about Russia but the shape of the new international order waiting to be born in the wake of the Cold War. Others were always more sceptical.

Individual Patrimonial Rights Under the European Human Rights System: Some Reflections on the Concepts of Possession and Dispossession of Property

1997 ◽  
Vol 25 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 87-104
Author(s):  
Alberto M. Aronovitz
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
International Law ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Second World War ◽  
European Countries ◽  
World War ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Second World

Both in general and in regional international law, the subject of private patrimonial rights presents a spectrum of interesting points for discussion. Amid the most notorious issues that have loomed in recent times in relation to this topic, one could refer to the dispute over the dormant accounts of Holocaust victims in Switzerland and other European countries (or, more widely, to the entire question of gold and other property stolen by the Nazis during the Second World War), to the problem of reprivatization of property in Eastern Europe, or to the issue of restitution of property taken in pursuance of communist reforms in the former Soviet Union and its former satellite countries.

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