The Impact of Raw-Material Scarcity on Ground-Stone Manufacture and Use: An Example from the Phoenix Basin Hohokam

1994 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 680-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tammy Stone
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Current Model ◽  
Classic Period ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Ground Stone ◽  
Subsistence Economies ◽  
Phoenix Basin ◽  
Material Scarcity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Phoenix

Current models of ground-stone design, which relate tool morphology and size to subsistence economies, are based on assumptions of energy efficiency and processing constraints of the foodstuffs being ground. These models do not consider the impact of raw-material scarcity on ground-stone technologies. This impact is investigated here using an assemblage from the Classic-period Hohokam site of Pueblo Grande, Arizona. The current model of ground-stone design is modified to account for raw-material scarcity. Specifically, it is demonstrated that raw-material scarcity affects ground-stone manufacture, use, and discard patterns. It is argued here that studies using ground-stone assemblages to reconstruct subsistence economies must take these factors into consideration in areas where raw-material scarcity occurs.

scholarly journals STUDY INFLUENCE THE DESIGN ОXYGEN LANCE HEAD ON THE RESULTS OF CONVERTER MELTING WITH SCRAP PREHEATING

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (38) ◽  
pp. 33-39
Author(s):  
Е. Sigarev ◽  
Y. Lobanov ◽  
А. Pohvalitiy
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Heat Content ◽  
Scrap Metal ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Preliminary Heating ◽  
Metallurgical Enterprise ◽  
Metal Charge ◽  
Metallic Inclusions ◽  
The Impact

The results of calculation of energy efficiency of the variant of technology of converter smelting with preliminary heating of scrap metal in the unit due to burning of solid fuels in modern raw material conditions of the metallurgical enterprise of Ukraine are presented. A critical analysis of the variant of converter smelting technology with the use of preheating of an increased amount of scrap metal in the charge containing briquettes of steel chips in the unit, before pouring processing iron. According to the results of the calculation of the efficiency of use of different types of fuel used for preheating of scrap metal in the unit, the rational type and technology of its use in converter smelting are determined. A direct connection between the chemical composition of briquettes, the level of their preheating and the share in the metal charge on the energy efficiency of the converter process and their chemical heat content has been established. The nature of the temperature distribution in the volume of briquettes from steel shavings, which are a part of the metal charge, is taken into account when they are preheated by oxidation of coal with oxygen supplied through the nozzles of the standard lance. A method for calculating the change in energy consumption of scrap metal during its preheating, taking into account the content of elements in the briquettes and the level of heating. The energy consumption of the converter process with preheating of the metal charge increases in proportion to the level of contamination of briquettes from steel chips with non-metallic inclusions. According to the calculations when heating briquettes by 100—800 degrees in the converter, the increase in energy consumption of the converter process is from 60 to 630 MJ / t and from 445 to 1000 MJ/t for contamination of briquettes with non-metallic inclusions of 2.47 and 7.87 % by weight in accordance. With the reduction of briquette contamination, the efficiency of preheating of the metal charge increases. The share of the impact of the level of briquette contamination on the overall energy efficiency of the converter process is on average 0.3 % of the total energy savings of 1.91—1.92 GJ / t, which is achieved by increasing the share of scrap metal in the charge.

Classic Period Hohokam

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffery J. Clark ◽  
David Abbott
Keyword(s):  
Classic Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
The North ◽  
Phoenix Basin ◽  
Populated Region ◽  
Lower Population ◽  
The Phoenix

This chapter discusses the Hohokam Classic Period (ca. 1200–1450 ce) in southern Arizona. Two perspectives are presented for observed archaeological patterns. One perspective is from the Phoenix Basin center, a densely populated region on a trajectory of overexploitation and decline throughout much of the interval, despite the construction of massive irrigation works and architectural buildings that left impressive ruins. The other perspective is from the outlying valleys to the north and east of Phoenix that had much lower population densities. Here intense interaction between local majorities, and small, but socially resilient, Kayenta immigrants from northeast Arizona led to the development of an inclusive Salado ideology that transcended the identities of both groups. This ideology ultimately penetrated the Phoenix Basin when the latter was on the verge of collapse. This collapse was so complete that few pre-contact archaeological sites have been identified in the Hohokam region after 1450 ce.

Energy efficiency of improved technologies and modern systems of bulk feed production of high quality on haylands of the Non-Chenrozem region

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-10
Author(s):  
А.А. Кутузова ◽  
Д.М. Тебердиев ◽  
В.М. Косолапов ◽  
Л.С. Трофимова ◽  
А.В. Родионова ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Great Part ◽  
Exchange Energy ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Feed Production ◽  
Natural Factors ◽  
The Impact

Исследования проводили в ФНЦ «ВИК им. В. Р. Вильямса» на базе трёх долголетних полевых экспериментов: в опыте 1 изучали многоукосное использование ранних и среднеспелых злаковых травостоев в среднем за 28 лет (1993–2020 годы), в опыте 2 — люцерно-злаковые травостои для позднего звена укосного конвейера в среднем за 7 лет пользования (2013–2020 годы), в опыте 3 проведено сравнение четырёх технологических систем создания и использования травостоев за последние 28 лет (в среднем за 47–74-й годы пользования, 1993–2020 годы). Цель исследований — определение агроэнергетической эффективности 15 технологий по созданию усовершенствованных злаковых и бобово-злаковых травостоев, а также шести систем ведения долголетних сенокосов при производстве сырья для заготовки высококачественного сена и сенажа. Применение нового метода агроэнергетической оценки антропогенных затрат не только подтверждает высокую экономическую эффективность создания сеяных травостоев на лугах, но и впервые в конкретных (цифровых) показателях устанавливает роль разнообразных природных факторов. На долголетних злаковых травостоях (в течение 28 лет жизни трав) обеспечивается производство сырьевой массы для заготовки объёмистых кормов (сена и сенажа) первого и второго классов. Совокупные антропогенные затраты энергии на этих травостоях в среднем за 28 лет составили 16,3–17,1 ГДж/га при двухукосной и 23,2–23,6 ГДж/га — при трёхукосной технологии, на люцерно-злаковых травостоях при двух укосах в среднем за 7 лет — 5,2–5,8 ГДж/га. Затраты окупались сбором обменной энергии на ранних и среднеспелых агроценозах с доминированием корневищных злаковых видов в 2,8–3,3 раза, а на люцерно-злаковых травостоях — в 10,6–11,0 раз. В структуре производства обменной энергии основная её часть обеспечивалась за счёт возобновляемых природных факторов: 67–70% — на злаковых травостоях и 90% — на бобово-злаковых долголетних травостоях. The research took place at the Federal Williams Research Center of Fodder Production and Agroecology and consisted of three long-term field trials. The trial 1 was aimed at studying the multi-cut use of short- and mid-season gramineous for 28 years (1993–2020). The trial 2 tested alfalfa-gramineous swards for late cutting for 7 years (2013–2020). The trial 3 compared four technological systems of sward development and cultivation for the last 28 years (1993–2020). The aim of this research was to determine the energy efficiency of 15 cultivation technologies for optimization of gramineous and legume-gramineous swards as well as six systems of long-term hayfield cultivation to obtain high-quality hay and haylage. New method evaluating anthropogenic costs proved high economic efficiency of sown swards but also showed the impact of various natural factors. Long-term gramineous swards (28 years of life) provided raw material for bulk feed production (hay and haylage) of the first and second grade. For such swards total anthropogenic costs amounted to 16.3–17.1 GJ ha-1 under two cuts and 23.2–23.6 GJ ha-1 — under three cuts for 28 years. For alfalfa-gramineous swards total anthropogenic costs amounted to 5.2–5.8 GJ ha-1 for 7 years. The costs were paid back by 2.8–3.3 times through the exchange energy yield from short- and mid-season ecosystems with higher proportion of rootstock grasses, from alfalfa-gramineous swards — by 10.6–11.0 times. The great part of exchange energy was provided through renewable natural factors: 67–70% — from gramineous swards and 90% — from the legume-gramineous ones.

Impact of Global Economic Crisis on China’s Energy Consumption during 2008~2010

2012 ◽  
Vol 616-618 ◽  
pp. 1578-1584
Author(s):  
Fang Yi Li ◽  
Wei Dong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Structural Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Global Economic Crisis ◽  
The Impact

As a driving force of economic growth, China’s export was affected by global economic crisis during 2008~2010. This paper aims to assess the impact of economic crisis on China’s energy consumption during the crisis. Contributions of energy efficiency, domestic final use, exports and imports to energy consumption change were clarified using methodology involves structural decomposition analysis based on input-output price model. In 2009, exports of energy-related and raw material sectors were seriously impacted by economic crisis, with energy use dramatically decreased. However, economic stimulus plan implemented by central government provided a great boost to energy consumption growth. According to the study, quantity and structural adjustment of export is one of the important ways to reduce energy consumption in a short time. But in a long term, consumption control and energy efficiency improvement are unsubstitutable.

ANCESTRAL O'ODHAM: AKIMEL O'ODHAM CULTURAL TRADITIONS AND THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD

2017 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Loendorf ◽  
Barnaby V. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Cultural Knowledge ◽  
Classic Period ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
South Central ◽  
Phoenix Basin ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Akimel O'odham ◽  
The Phoenix

Archaeologists have long used the prehistoric inhabitants of the Phoenix Basin in south-central Arizona as an example of a failed or collapsed society, and most prehistorians still assert that Hohokam material culture patterns ended at the close of the Classic period (circa A.D. 1150–1450). Although researchers are increasingly recognizing connections between prehistoric and modern indigenous people, little consensus exists regarding the cause or causes of the dramatic alterations in material culture patterns that occurred in the region. Most archaeologists who have studied the changes at the end of the Classic period, however, have not fully considered the implications of previous and subsequent conditions, including similar and seemingly abrupt shifts in cultural practices that occurred both before and after this time. This paper uses Akimel O'Odham (i.e., Pima) cultural knowledge to contextualize the “Hohokam Collapse.” We show that this perspective of culture history explains the relationship between prehistoric and historic populations and answers many of the long-standing questions regarding cultural variation in the Phoenix Basin.

scholarly journals Energy efficiency: a necessity or an end in itself?

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Nuclear Energy ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Multiple Regression Equation ◽  
Simultaneous Increase ◽  
Material Base ◽  
The Impact

The article considers the issues of ensuring energy efficiency from the standpoint of reducing the energy intensity of Ukraine’s GDP. The purpose of the article is to study the impact of the consumption of various types of fuel and energy resources on the formation of the nominal value of Ukraine’s GDP, taking into account national characteristics, the level of economic development and the availability of its own raw material base, as well as providing the economic basis for the country's independence and the welfare of the population. The task is to study the dependence of the nominal GDP on the consumption of various types of fuel and energy resources. The results were obtained: it was found that having enough coal and nuclear energy among the fuel and energy resources, the national economy of Ukraine is very dependent on oil and natural gas exports. The supply of these energy resources is carried out mainly from Russia or through intermediaries to other countries, which does not fundamentally change the origin of these energy resources. The lack of diversification of sources of fuel and energy resources threatens the country's energy security and independence. An analytical dependence of the nominal GDP on the consumption of various types of fuel and energy resources is obtained, which is described by the multiple regression equation and is adequate by the criteria of mathematical statistics. Conclusions: the resulting equation indicates that Ukraine’s GDP is directly proportional to the consumption of coal and nuclear energy and inversely proportional to the consumption of oil, oil products and natural gas. The solution to the problem of reducing the energy intensity of GDP should be carried out with a simultaneous increase in GDP, and not just a decrease in the consumption of fuel and energy resources. Downloads

Voices of Distress: The Emotional Peril of Not Attaining a Dietetic Internship in Ontario

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Jennifer Lee Brady ◽  
Annie Hoang ◽  
Olivia Siswanto ◽  
Jordana Riesel ◽  
Jacqui Gingras
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Current Model ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Application Process ◽  
Dietetic Education ◽  
Dietetic Internship ◽  
The Impact ◽  
And Training ◽  
Future Growth

Obtaining dietetic licensure in Ontario requires completion of a Dietitians of Canada (DC) accredited four-year undergraduate degree in nutrition and an accredited post-graduate internship or combined Master’s degree program. Given the scarcity of internship positions in Ontario, each year approximately two-thirds of the eligible applicants who apply do not receive a position XX, XX, XX, XX, XX, XX, in press). Anecdotally, not securing an internship position is known to be a particularly disconcerting experience that has significant consequences for individuals’ personal, financial, and professional well-being. However, no known empirical research has yet explored students’ experiences of being unsuccessful in applying for internship positions. Fifteen individuals who applied between 2005 and 2009 to an Ontario-based dietetic internship program, but were unsuccessful at least once, participated in a one-on-one semi-structured interview. Findings reveal that participants’ experiences unfold successively in four phases that are characterized by increasingly heightened emotional peril: naïveté, competition, devastation, and frustration. The authors conclude that the current model of dietetic education and training in Ontario causes lasting distress to students and hinders the future growth and vitality of the dietetic profession. Further research is required to understand the impact of the current model on dietetic educators, internship coordinators, and preceptors as coincident participants in the internship application process.

Specifics of creating an effective system of project financing of innovation and investment activities of dairy subcomplex enterprises

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 1951-1969
Author(s):  
S.A. Chernikova
Keyword(s):  
Financial Stability ◽  
Current Model ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Information Support ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
Project Financing ◽  
Financing System ◽  
Management Of Innovation ◽  
Effective System ◽  
The Impact

Subject. The article considers the need to study the financing of investment and innovation processes and creating an effective system of project financing. Objectives. The purpose is to search for new opportunities to enhance the competitive advantages of enterprises of the dairy subcomplex, to ensure their financial stability and steady position in specialized agricultural food-product markets. Methods. The study draws on the theoretical and methodological approach to the impact of project management of innovation and investment activities on improving the efficiency of the project financing system and financial stability of enterprises operating in the dairy subcomplex. Results. The findings show that four levels can be distinguished in the formation and improvement of the system of project financing and the management of innovation and investment activities, depending on the depth of transformation. The principle that provides the integration of the said system with the current model of management of the dairy subcomplex enterprise is defined as a driver. The paper offers a number of levels of the system transformation to gain competitive advantages. Conclusions. I present a mechanism for creating and improving the system of project financing and the management of innovation and investment activities, and a mechanism for interaction of the network of automated information systems, intended to make management decisions, with the automation of information support to innovative solutions.

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