The Social and Economic Contexts of Lithic Procurement: Obsidian from Classic-Period Hohokam Sites

1997 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Peterson ◽  
Douglas R. Mitchell ◽  
M. Steven Shackley
Keyword(s):  
Raw Material ◽  
Exchange Networks ◽  
Reduction Stage ◽  
Current State ◽  
Socioeconomic System ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Variability ◽  
The Social ◽  
Material Procurement ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Obsidian Source

The social and economic organization of obsidian procurement has been a topic of particular interest in southwestern archaeology as a result of recent work identifying and characterizing a number of sources throughout Arizona, New Mexico, and northern Mexico. Recent studies have attempted to explain temporal and spatial variability of obsidian distribution in the larger contexts of regional exchange networks, socially bounded territories, and elite redistributive efforts. This study reviews the current state of research as reflected in three models. Patterns in obsidian source diversity and reduction stage data are assessed relative to model expectations and an analysis of obsidian acquisition and distribution. The likelihood of elite members of an increasingly formalized socioeconomic system playing a role in these processes should be considered, while at the same time noting that kin-based raw material procurement and ritual item mobilization may explain many of the obsidian patterns. The emerging perspective suggests that obsidian moved in a variety of spheres, concurrently serving a number of social and economic purposes. This study highlights the importance of modeling individual, nonlocal commodities before attempting to generate monolithic exchange models.

scholarly journals Lithic Raw Material Procurement in the Late Neolithic Southern-Transdanubian Region: A Case Study From the Site of Alsónyék-Bátaszék

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 127-140
Author(s):  
Kata Szilágyi
Keyword(s):  
Raw Material ◽  
Stone Tool ◽  
Selection Strategy ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Neolithic Site ◽  
Current State ◽  
Material Procurement ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Lithic Raw Material

This article summarizes the current state of research on the flaked stone assemblages from the Late Neolithic site Alsónyék‒Bátaszék, Tolna district. The raw material distribution of the nearly 6100 pieces that make up the stone tool assemblage is the focus of this paper, with a particular emphasis placed on the dominance of the local raw material. The research addresses the question of the method of procurement of the lithic raw material in the case of this enormous, extended Neolithic site. To supply an answer, basic geoarchaeological research was necessary. To that end, a field survey aimed at detecting those geological formations and lithic variations convenient for knapping was undertaken. The results of the survey reported in the second part of this paper help in our understanding of the selection strategy of the ancient knapping specialists. From these strategies, it is possible to recognize the cultural tradition and raw material manipulation of this Late Neolithic community and, in a wider sense, the southeastern group of the Lengyel culture

Service Animals and Pet Therapy in Schools: Synthesizing a Review of the Literature

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Virginie Abat-Roy
Keyword(s):  
Program Implementation ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Pet Therapy ◽  
Emotional Needs ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Social ◽  
State Of Research

As the academic and social-emotional needs of students in schools continue to increase, so too does the presence of dogs in educational spaces. This article aims to present an overview of past and present animal-assisted intervention practices in school settings. This comprehensive literature review examines the current state of research within this field of study. Data from 29 publications were selected according to strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results highlight three categories in which the presence of dogs in schools have an impact: social-emotional, cognitive, and physiological. Challenges to program implementation include health risks, cultural context, and negative effects on the animal. Due to the lack of school-based research, more study is needed, especially in order to understand the effect of dogs on the social-emotional learning of students. Finally, the welfare and training of the animals involved should be taken into consideration, and regulations regarding handler and animal training should be enforced.

Persecution and Protestantism: Toulouse, 1562–1575

1979 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Davies
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Regional Differentiation ◽  
Protestant Churches ◽  
Current State ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
The Social ◽  
State Of Research

Who became protestant in sixteenth-century France? This question has long exercised historians. A contemporary, La Popelinière, himself a huguenot, pointed to the varied attractions of the reformation for the politically ambitious and for the socially and economically underprivileged. Moving on to the beginning of this century, Henri Hauser postulated a protestantism dominated by artisans and the lower urban classes, although he later emphasised the appeal of the new religion to all social groups, a point of view endorsed by Lucien Romier and E. G. Léonard. Despite the political and military significance of the adherence of both some high court nobles and lesser rural hobereaux, it is nevertheless clear that Calvinism was predominantly and intentionally an urban phenomenon; Genevan missionaries were directed primarily to the cities and towns, though there were some notable exceptions such as the Cévennes area in southern France. It is, however, possible to advance from these rather cautious generalizations and to ask whether the social and economic profile of those who converted to Calvinism reflects that of the French people as a whole or whether there is some special relationship between status and religion, and whether there is any regional differentiation. Some of the answers, which in the current state of research must remain tentative, may be drawn from lists of huguenots drawn up by judicial and municipal authorities in the course of the civil wars. These lists provide, as Jean Delumeau has recently pointed out, a marvellous introduction to the sociology of French protestantism and indeed, one of the few ways of approaching the issue. Very few registers of the état-civil of protestant churches survive from the sixteenth century and those that do often fail to note occupational status. Lists of refugees in Geneva and elsewhere offer some evidence from a protestant point of view, but are distorted by a number of factors and may be unreliable in respect of geographical distribution and occupations.

scholarly journals Agile leadership - a comparison of agile leadership styles

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Greineder ◽  
Niklas Leicht
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Leadership Styles ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Literature Analysis ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Social ◽  
State Of Research

Leadership has been the focus of research in the social sciences since the early 1930s. However, no generally valid theory exists to date. In recent years, theories relating to agile leadership have also increasingly emerged. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the current state of research on agile leadership. For this purpose, a systematic literature analysis is conducted. The different terms used in the context of agile leadership are restricted by means of selection criteria. Furthermore, characteristics of agile leadership will be analyzed and consolidated. This results in a catalogue of criteria with which the selected leadership styles. The evaluation shows that there are overlaps in the styles, which also can be identified in the research.

Nowe surowce roślinne w Farmakopei Europejskiej. Część I. Gatunki rodzaju Bupleurum (przewiercień) – źródło nowego surowca saponinowego

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Halina Ekiert ◽  
Agnieszka Sondej ◽  
Marta Klimek-Szczykutowicz ◽  
Radosław J. Ekiert ◽  
Agnieszka Szopa
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current State ◽  
Cosmetic Industry ◽  
Herbal Medicinal ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Bupleuri Radix

One of the last supplements to the European Pharmacopoeia (Supl. 9.4) introduces several new herbal medicinal raw materials, so far unknown and not used in official Central European phytotherapy. The article describes plant species from Bupleurum genus providing new saponin raw material. The botanical and ecological characteristics as well as the current state of research on the chemistry of pharmacopoeial species from that genus were presented. The confirmed by scientific researches therapeutic applications of plant raw material – Bupleuri radix, were described particularly. Attention was paid to the position of that raw material in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). It was emphasized that for about 20 years, it has had the World Health Organization (WHO) monograph. In addition, the importance of this plant in the food industry and its increasing status in the cosmetic industry were pointed. The aim of the article is the popularization of basic knowledge about pharmacopoeial species from Bupleurum genus in the Polish pharmaceutical, medical and phytotherapeutical environment.

Some Thoughts on ‘Hereditary’ and ‘Proprietary’ Rights in Land under Customary Law in Thirteenth and Early Fourteenth Century England

1983 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Difference ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Customary Land ◽  
Rural England

A recent polemical essay by Alan Macfarlane constructed a picture of the social structure of medieval rural England premised on the notion that there was little difference in the nature of family attachment to land between freeholders and those who held their property ‘according to the customs of the manor.’ This essay has received severe criticism from R. H. Hilton, who argues that it ‘ignores the implications of the considerable predominance in many areas of customary land held in villein (i.e. servile) tenure, attempting to assimilate it to freehold as though it were equivalent to sixteenth century copyhold.’ The scale of the difference between these two positions may be attributed to the current state of research into the operation of customary law and its tribunals.

scholarly journals Contemporary historiography on the phenomenon of the social cohesion in the period of the Second World War

2019 ◽  
pp. 7-16
Author(s):  
Liudmila V. Alieva ◽  
Lidia V. Antonova ◽  
Tatiana G. Khrishkevich
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Economic History ◽  
World War ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
The Military

The historiography of World War II is one of the most extensive research topics in historical science. Over the years, a comprehensive study of the military, political and economic history of wartime has been conducted. Particular attention during recent decades has been given to the social aspects of the war. However, the topic of social cohesion in the warring countries remains insufficiently analyzed. Thus, the main objective of the article is to analyze the current state of research on social cohesion in the context of World War II in contemporary British, German and Russian historical literature. The present study of the reflection of cohesion problems in Soviet Union, Great Britain and Germany during World War II is based on the principles of a new interdisciplinary branch of social science – anthropology of war. It integrates the achievements, subject areas and research tools of history, sociology, military psychology, cultural studies, pedagogy, medicine and other disciplines that study the existence of people and society at large in wartime conditions. A comparative analysis of the chosen historiography shows that at the present stage there is a commonality of approaches among historians related to interest in certain personalities, everyday life during World War II and war’s gender dimension. The differences in assessments and methods are determined by the role and place of a particular state in the military-political confrontation as well as by prevailing historiographical paradigms. In any case, the theme of social cohesion was not adequately reflected in these studies. In conclusion, the authors note the research potential of analyzing the problems of social cohesion during World War II.

Religion – Alter – Demenz

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-408
Author(s):  
Lars Charbonnier ◽  
Lena-Katharina Roy
Keyword(s):  
Theological Reflection ◽  
Research Report ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Or Education ◽  
Life Long Learning ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Social ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Practical Theological

Abstract The demographic future offers intensive challenges for society as present in Germany not only with regard to the social or economic system, but also with regard to religion and the Christian church’s practice in its different fields. This research report presents the current state of research on religion and aging as far as it is relevant for practical-theological reflection, mostly limited to German-speaking context. The perspective of gerontology is considered as well as research from sociology and psychology of religion or reflections on the fields of church practice like pastoral care and counselling or education/life-long-learning. A special focus is set on the specific challenges arising for theological reflection as well as church-practice from the phenomena of dementia.

scholarly journals Research on the social perception of invasive species: a systematic literature review

NeoBiota ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 47-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Kapitza ◽  
Heike Zimmermann ◽  
Berta Martín-López ◽  
Henrik von Wehrden
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Social Perceptions ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Social ◽  
Values And Beliefs ◽  
State Of Research

We conducted a systematic literature review of the current state of research on the social perceptions of invasive species, aiming to provide guidance towards transdisciplinary research and participatory decision making. In order to detect patterns regarding publication trends and factors determining social perceptions of invasive species, we applied qualitative content as well as quantitative data analysis. By applying content analysis, we identified five main categories of influence on the perception of invasive species: ecological conditions, social conditions, values and beliefs, impacts, and benefits. The disciplinary focus of the research was predominantly interdisciplinary, followed by a social sciences approach. Our review revealed a disproportionate use of quantitative methods in research on social perceptions of invasive species, yet quantitative methods were less likely to identify benefits as factors determining the perception of invasive species. However, without the understanding of perceived benefits, researchers and managers lack the socio-cultural context these species are embedded in. Our review also revealed the geographical, methodological and taxonomic bias of research on perceptions of invasive species. The majority of studies focused on the local public, whereas fewer than half of the studies focused on decision-makers. Furthermore, our results showed differences in the social perceptions of invasive species among different stakeholder groups. Consensus over the definition and terminology of invasive species was lacking whereas differences in terminology were clearly value-laden. In order to foster sustainable management of invasive species, research on social perceptions should focus on a transdisciplinary and transparent discourse about the inherent values of invasion science.

Resource efficiency in deinked pulp production: a review

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 37-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
LIISA KOTANEN ◽  
MIKA KÖRKKÖ ◽  
ARI ÄMMÄLÄ ◽  
JOUKO NIINIMÄKI
Keyword(s):  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Resource Efficiency ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Ecological Strategy ◽  
Recycled Paper ◽  
Paper Production ◽  
Recycled Pulp ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Pulp Production

The use of recovered paper as a raw material for paper production is by far the most economical and ecological strategy for the disposal of waste paper. However, paper production from recovered paper furnish generates a great amount of residues, and the higher the demand requirements for the end product, the higher the amount of rejected material. The reason for this is that the selectivity of the deinking process is limited; therefore, some valuable components are also lost in reject streams. The rejection of usable components affects the economics of recycled paper production. As the cost of waste disposal continues to increase, this issue is becoming more and more severe. This paper summarizes the current state of the resource efficiency in recycled pulp production and provides information on the volumes of rejected streams and the usable material within them. Various means to use these reject streams are also discussed, including the main findings of a recent thesis by the main author. This review summarizes current internal and external use of reject streams generated in the deinking operations.

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