National Capital and National Development: Financing Chile's Central Valley Railroads

1982 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Oppenheimer
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
National Development ◽  
Central Valley ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
South American ◽  
National Capital

In studying the economic growth of Latin America, historians of widely divergent viewpoints have tended to emphasize the role of foreigners in the developmental process. As a result, they have often overlooked the efforts of Central and South American entrepreneurs in mobilizing capital and adopting technology to foster the growth of their countries. Chile is a case in point. Like their counterparts throughout Latin America, mid-nineteenth-century Chilean businessmen have been generally portrayed as the followers of foreign interests that dominated the nation's economy. This interpretation, however, has ignored the activity of Chileans in building railroads and promoting various other sectors of their economy. In this essay, Dr. Oppenheimer offers conclusive evidence that Chilean businessmen, closely linked to government—but not foreigners—dominated the two firms that brought the iron horse into Chile's Central Valley.

Institutions and the Ottoman Past

2018 ◽  
pp. 55-89
Author(s):  
Şevket Pamuk
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Economic Environment ◽  
Important Distinction ◽  
The Social ◽  
Proximate Causes

This chapter looks at the role of institutions in economic development and the evolution of Ottoman institutions before the nineteenth century. It argues that while institutions are not the only things that matter, it is essential to examine their role in order to understand Turkey's experience with economic growth and human development during the last two centuries. The economics and economic history literature has been making a related and important distinction between the proximate and deeper sources of economic growth. The proximate causes refer to the contributions made by the increases in inputs, land, labor, and capital and the productivity increases. The deeper causes refer to the social, political, and economic environment as well as the historical causes that influence the rate at which inputs and productivity grow.

The Role of National Development BanksNational Development Banks in Catalyzing International Climate Finance: Empirical Evidences from Latin America

2015 ◽  
pp. 1305-1328
Author(s):  
Chiara Trabacchi ◽  
Barbara Buchner ◽  
Diana Smallridge ◽  
Maria Netto ◽  
José Juan Gomes Lorenzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
National Development ◽  
Climate Finance ◽  
International Climate ◽  
Development Banks

Historical and Ideological Lineages of Dissenting Protestantism in Latin America

2019 ◽  
pp. 315-337
Author(s):  
Stephen Dove
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Religious Pluralism ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Small Footprint ◽  
Religious Landscape

Latin America is a region where traditional dissenting institutions and denominations have a relatively small footprint, and yet the ideas of dissenting Protestantism play an important, and expanding, role on the religious landscape. Since the beginning of the nineteenth century, Latin America has transitioned from a region with a de jure Catholic monopoly to one marked by religious pluralism and the disestablishment of religion. In the late-twentieth and early-twenty-first centuries, this transition has been especially marked by the rapid growth of Pentecostalism. This chapter analyses the role of dissenting Protestantism during these two centuries of transition and demonstrates how ideas and missionaries from historical dissenting churches combined with local influences to create a unique version of dissent among Latin American Protestants and Pentecostals.

Slavery, Resistance(s) and Abolition in Early Nineteenth-Century Chile

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 372-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Mareite
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
South American ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Slave Emancipation ◽  
Proactive Role

Abstract Chile’s abolition of slavery (1823) has commonly been framed within a self-congratulatory narrative that emphasizes the philanthropic role of republican elites and the peaceful nature of slave emancipation. The traditional narrative not only views abolition as an ideologically inspired gift from the elites, but also underscores Chile’s exceptionalism vis-à-vis other South American emancipation processes—in Chile, unlike in the rest of the continent, the eradication of slavery was supposedly both politically and socially insignificant. This article challenges two of this narrative’s assumptions: first, that consensus characterized the abolition of slavery in Chile, and second, that abolition was simply a philanthropic concession from the new nation’s republican elites. Instead, this study highlights how officials, slaveholders and enslaved people transformed slavery and its dismantlement into a contested issue. It also explores the proactive role that enslaved people played in undermining the institution of slavery throughout Chile, ultimately leading to its abolition.

Developing the Mexican Countryside: The Department of Fomento's Social Project of Modernization

2016 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Casey Marina Lurtz
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Policy Science ◽  
Land Policy ◽  
Concerted Effort ◽  
Science And Education ◽  
Social Project ◽  
Rural Production

From the mid-nineteenth century onward, governments across Latin America founded departments offomento, or development, to promote economic growth and modernization. This article looks at the evolution of this department in Mexico and the ways in which it integrated infrastructure, migration, land policy, science, and education into a rural economic and social project. For Department of Fomento leaders, agriculture became the connective tissue linking peace to prosperity. Though many failed, initiatives aimed at increasing the diversity of Mexico's rural production illustrate a concerted effort to avoid top-heavy monoculture and use scientific planning to stabilize and unify the nation.

Comparing Savings Behavior in Asia and Latin America: The Role of Capital Inflows and Economic Growth

2012 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marwan Abdul-Malik Thanoon ◽  
Ahmad Zubaidi Baharumshah
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Capital Inflows ◽  
Savings Behavior

The Color of Experience: Postwar Chromatic Abstraction in Venezuela and Brazil

October ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 152 ◽  
pp. 53-59
Author(s):  
Robin Adèle Greeley
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Perceptual Experience ◽  
Culture Industry ◽  
South American ◽  
World War ◽  
Postwar Art ◽  
Art Object ◽  
Crisis Of Modernity

In the aftermath of World War II, South American artists and critics saw color as a key to liberation from the crisis of the art object and the related crisis of modernity. In so doing, they resisted an entrenched postwar suspicion of color's expressive qualities that elsewhere resulted in color either being repositioned as readymade or purged outright. The essays comprising “Color and Abstraction in Latin America” investigate what was at stake in this resurgence, in 1950s and '60s South American abstraction, of color as a central problem of perceptual experience and subject construction. First, color was conceptualized in relation to material experience, as a corporealization (whether individual or collective) that relocates us as subjects. Second, color became the basis for a complex negotiation that laid claim to chromatic abstraction as a universal project through its localized articulation within the developmentalist contexts of postwar South America. Third, all of these artists and writers contextualized their aesthetic maneuvers in relation to Europe, positioning their work as a resuscitation of the historical avant-garde's utopian aspirations in the wake of the latter's failure in the aftermath of World War II. The essays collected here reassess the role of color in postwar art, to reconsider in light of the varied experiences of developmentalist South American nations what are by now familiar concerns regarding the effects of the commercialization of human imagination and memory, the pervasiveness of culture industry spectacle, and the corrosion of subjectivity imposed by industrial capital.

An Educational Avant-Garde

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Tobias
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Latin America ◽  
National Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Messages ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Sound Film ◽  
Film Education ◽  
Progressive Reforms

This chapter looks at the role of music and voice-over in constructing and deconstructing highly political messages in the experimental documentary format. It argues that Julien Bryan’s films on Latin America for the Office of Inter-American Affairs do not operate as US wartime propaganda, as is often believed, but are rather highly musical pedagogical essays challenging prevailing tendencies in US wartime communications by presenting progressive reforms proceeding in Latin America as more advanced than was politically feasible in the United States. These claims are dramatised and softened by complex synchronised scores. The films demonstrated the very problem of middle-class development as a highly gendered negotiation of national development. Bryan’s constructionist film education of often xenophobic US audiences on Latin America reframed the role of the spoken voice-over familiar from early cinema’s film lecturer, while deploying the newer, through-composed musical synchronisation of the sound film.

Known Unknowns: Power Shifts, Uncertainty, and War

2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Debs ◽  
Nuno P. Monteiro
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Imperfect Information ◽  
Investment Decision ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Power Shifts ◽  
Preventive War ◽  
Fait Accompli ◽  
Known Unknowns ◽  
Invasion Of Iraq

AbstractLarge and rapid power shifts resulting from exogenous economic growth are considered sufficient to cause preventive wars. Yet most large and rapid shifts result from endogenous military investments. We show that when the investment decision is perfectly transparent, peace prevails. Large and rapid power shifts are deterred through the threat of a preventive war. When investments remain undetected, however, states may be tempted to introduce power shifts as a fait accompli. Knowing this, their adversaries may strike preventively even without conclusive evidence of militarization. In fact, the more effective preventive wars are, the more likely they will be launched against states that are not militarizing. Our argument emphasizes the role of imperfect information as a cause of war. It also explains why powerful states may attack weaker targets even with ambiguous evidence of their militarization. We illustrate our theory through an account of the 2003 US-led invasion of Iraq.

Strategi Kebijakan Menyongsong Adaptasi Kebiasaan Baru dalam Perspektif Hukum Ekonomi

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Asianto Nugroho ◽  
Sapto Hermawan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
National Development ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Policy Strategy ◽  
Legal Perspective ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Tourism Services

This article aims to examine the govermenent policies, including pandemi handling strategies as well as policies to revive national economic growth through a policy strategy that considers opportunities and threats aspects. This paper presents the result of legal researchusing secondary legal material. This article argues that the policy of restoring national economic growth caused by the COVID-19 pandemic can be pursued through several policies based on economic and legal perspective. Several strategies can be taken such as strengthening trade cooperation with the Chinese Government, generating tourism services, strengthening the rural economy, restructuring MSMEs with multiple layers of guarantees, optimizing the role of SOE responsibilities in national development, and strengthening the role of legal political in Indonesia.

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