Dispersion of the Yorùbá to the Americas: A Fatalist Hermeneutics of Orí in the Yorùbá Cosmos – Reading from Tutuoba: Salem’s Black Shango Slave Queen

Studies in African Diaspora ofen privilege the transatlantic slavery, Columbus’ discovery of the New World, and African cultural codes in the Americas. To expand the scope of the studies, this article examines the metaphysical and ontological questions on the enslavement of the Yorùbá – an African ethno-nation whose members were condemned to slavery and servitude in the Americas during the inglorious transatlantic slave trade. I used metaphysical fatalism as a theoretical model to interrogate prognostications about dispersion of the Yorùbá from their matrix as expressed in their mythology. Being a predestining agent, I examined the role of orí (destiny) within the context of rigid fatalism and its textualisation in Prince Justice’s Tutuoba: Salem’s Black Shango Slave Queen. The article argues that the transatlantic enslavement of the Yorùbá is a fait accompli willed by their Supreme Deity. Tough traumatic, transatlantic slavery reworlded Yorùbá cultural codes, birthed the Atlantic sub-group of the ethno-nation, and aided the emergence of Yorùbá-centric religions in the New World.

Questioning North Korea’s digraphic inflection point: Kim Il Sung’s 1964 and 1966 conversations with linguists reconsidered

Kim Il Sung’s 1964 and 1966 conversations with linguists are appropriately deemed important as the establishment of the North’s “cultured language” as a standard, as well as guidance related to language purification and script. In the analysis of inflection point related to language planning and policy in the North, is the often guidance on re-enshrinement of teaching “Chinese characters” (hanja) in North Korean education. Clearly this was official pronouncement of functional, synchronic digraphia, which has been preserved and operationalized down to the present. Scholarship on these conversations, amounting to policy guidance, attribute the shift in policy related to script as an inflection point. The author of this article concurs with its importance, but with respect to digraphia in the North, the conversations related to hanja instruction served as a confirmation for what was a broad trend in North Korean language planning during the years 1953-1964, a language planning and policy fait accompli, diminishing the portrayal of the conversations as a digraphic inflection point in North Korea.

Reform of control and supervisory activities. Changes in the regulatory framework for disinfection activities

The reform of control and supervisory activities intended to exclude old and irrelevant acts and outdated norms, fix accurate and understandable rules, as well as exclude unreasonable and redundant norms in various areas. It was called the “regulatory guillotine" and involves a complete revision of the mandatory requirements for business. Comparison the SanPiN 3.3686-21 “Sanitary and epidemiologic requirements for prevention of infectious diseases" with earlier existing health regulations in the field of disinfection, disinsection, deratization was made. Changes in the regulatory framework in the field of disinfection activities are a necessity and a fait accompli. SanPiNs contain requirements, and their compliance can be verified by the relevant supervisory authorities. Reducing the number of requirements corresponds to the goals set by the reform - this will reduce the administrative burden on business and supervisory authorities. Keywords: reform of control and supervision activities, regulatory guillotine, changes in legislation, disinfection activities, legal acts in the field of disinfectology.

The Erosion, Breaking, and Betrayal of the Moral Economy

The final chapter looks back at the cases of mutiny through several different lenses. First we use Wright Mills’s notion of Vocabularies of Motive that takes what actors say they are doing as opposed to how we might interpret that. In effect these act as mobilizations, not descriptions, of action and explore the way leaders channel a general discontent into a particular form of action. Second, the cases are distributed according to whether the mutineers appear to assume the situation is one where the economic or social or political contract has been undermined. This is mirrored on the establishment side by considering whether the actions of the mutineers are perceived to be a fait accompli or the result of misled subordinates or something that actually poses an existential threat to the status quo. Finally, the nature of the individual leaders of mutinies is explored through the frame of the puer robustus, a term used by many philosophers and political commentators to describe those individuals—rule breakers—who invariably end up taking control over mutinies and often paying the price for that leadership.

The storm of the Troyan Pass on December, 26, 1877 and the Bulgarians: Historiographic myths and the reality

The article focusses on the successful capture on December 26, 1877 of the Turkish fortification “Eagle’s Nest” or “Kurt Hisar” (in Turkish “The Wolf Fortress”), built on top of the hard-to-reach Troyan Pass, leaded by the Troyan detachment under the command of Lieutenant General P. P. Kartsov. A scrupulous study of the complex of published sources reveals a more complex picture of interactions between Russians and Bulgarians than the one presented in the Marxist historiography. The promises the Bulgarian population has made to provide significant assistance to the Russians (to provide 200 packhorses, 400 workers, etc.) were presented by Marxist historians as a fait accompli, but in fact, even for a high fee, the Bulgarians did not fulfill their obligations responsibly and in full according to the agreement reached. Hopes for real assistance from the Bulgarian armed units during the battle of the Troyan detachment with the Turkish garrison turned out to be in vain: with the exception of a few brave men, the overwhelming majority of the Chetniks stayed in the rear. Kartsov, as a pleasant exception among the Bulgarians, named only two persons who rendered invaluable services: Archimandrite Makari, the abbot of the Troyan Assumption Monastery, and George, the foreman of the Troyan district. Gratefully mentioned should be those Bulgarian guides that in the most difficult conditions, did not refuse to lead Russian troops along the snow-covered paths of the harsh Balkans, as well as those Bulgarians who, together with Russian soldiers, harnessed to raise cannons to the Troyan steep.

“The Enthusiasm Expressed by Our Industry Friends”

This article analyzes the groundbreaking 1952 plan by US Army leadership to develop a sizeable cargo helicopter program in the face of interservice opposition. It examines the influence that decision had in the next decade on the Army, the helicopter industry, and vtol technology. The Army’s procurement of large helicopters that could transport soldiers and materiel was neither a fait accompli nor based on short-term needs. Rather, archival records reveal that the decision was based on long-range concerns about the postwar health of the helicopter industry, developing the state of the art, and fostering new doctrinal concepts. The procurement had long-term consequences. Helicopters became central to Army war planning, and the ground service’s needs dictated the next generation of helicopter designs. That technology made possible the revolutionary airmobility concept that the Army took into Vietnam and also led to a flourishing commercial helicopter field.

Reversible privatisation. Conflict, bricolage, and the sale of common lands in the Spanish province of Navarre, 1808–1860

The privatisation of communal assets tends to be presented as an irreversible linear movement that was driven from above. Based on a case study (Navarre, nineteenth century), this article seeks to give greater prominence to local players and their response to changing circumstances. The process thus appears less linear and compact by revealing certain anomalies, such as the reversibility of certain sales or the alienation of partial ownership rights that were compatible with the preservation of rights of use in favour of local councils and households, as an example of institutional bricolage. Against a backdrop of war and municipal bankruptcy, the privatisation of collective lands between 1808 and 1860 followed various paths, each one benefitting different social classes. Borrowers, outside investors and wealthy individuals accumulated large estates, but there was also a chance for peasants and local people to become property owners. The recovery of part of these lands on the back of social conflicts from 1884 onwards confirms that privatisation was not a fait accompli.

The City State of Singapore’s Territorial and Social Management Dilemmas

To better understand, on the one hand, the remarkable and largely commendable transformation that Singapore has undergone over the last century and, on the other hand, its vulnerability, answers should be sought to the following two questions. Does not the relentless overhaul of Singaporean living space, nearly always considered as a fait accompli, yet always subject to being revised by the state, lead to territorial alienation among the city state’s citizens and permanent residents? Just as classical Athens and even classical Rome came to depend on a constant and everincreasing supply of foreign labour, Singapore has reached a point where its dependence on a modern and imported form of lumpenproletariat has become apparently irreversible. Is this sustainable?