Marriage in Medieval Culture: Consent Theory and The Case of Joseph and Mary

2000 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 350-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irven M. Resnick
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Sexual Contact ◽  
Sexual Relations ◽  
Marital Relations ◽  
Medieval Latin ◽  
And Control ◽  
Consent Theory

From the second half of the eleventh century, medieval Latin theologians and canonists wrestled with a number of questions related to sexual relations and marriage. Marriage is, characteristically, one of the avenues by which a society—especially a religious or holy community— attempts to define its boundaries. In this effort church authorities had, for centuries, proscribed both marriage and sexual relations between Jews and Christians. They had sought control over marital relations among Christian spouses by proscribing sexual contact before receiving communion, during Lent, or during a woman's pregnancy or menstrual cycle. They had also attempted to eliminate marriage among clergy, with occasional success, as part of an effort to define and control marital unions more effectively.

Theological Texts

2020 ◽  
pp. 905-923
Author(s):  
Lesley Smith
Keyword(s):  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Medieval Latin ◽  
Academic Study

This chapter surveys manuscripts of medieval Latin theology from the late eleventh century to the late thirteenth, and discusses the shift from monastic study of theology to its more academic study by scholars and mendicant friars. The changed needs of the new readers led to significant alterations in the layout, size, shape, and contents of theological manuscripts, most of the changes reflecting the need for quick reference rather than meditation.

scholarly journals Trend Analysis of Major Sexually Transmitted Infections in China, 1999-2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han Chunxia ◽  
Ai Zisheng
Keyword(s):  
Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Diseases ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Temporal Trend ◽  
Sexual Contact ◽  
Annual Percentage Change ◽  
Annual Increase ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
The Past ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are mainly transmitted by sexual contact or similar sexual contact, which can cause diseases of genitourinary organs ,accessory lymphatic system and major organs of the whole body. STIs include clinically symptomatic diseases and asymptomatic infections. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that More than 1 million sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are acquired every day worldwide.By analyzing the temporal trend of the sexually transmitted infections incidence in China in the past 20 years, we can provide a scientific basis for the further development of prevention and control measures related to sexually transmitted infections. Methods Joinpoint regression model is used to fit the incidence data of three sexually transmitted diseases in China from 1999 to 2018. Annual percentage change (APC) and Average annual percentage Change (AAPC) are calculated to evaluate the temporal trend changes of the incidence of three major sexually transmitted diseases. Results The overall incidence of AIDS/HIV has been on the rise for 20 years, rising by an average of 33.7% per year (P < 0.05). The most obvious increase is in 2002–2005, an average annual increase of 102.5%. The overall incidence of gonorrhea is on a downward trend, decreasing by 4.9% per year on average (P < 0.05).However, its incidence shows a slow rising trend from 2012 to 2018, with an average annual increase of 6.0%. The overall incidence of syphilis is also on the rise, increasing by an average of 9.1% per year (P < 0.05). Except 1999–2003, the incidence of syphilis shows a downward trend, and the other time stages shows a significant upward trend. Conclusions In the past 20 years, the corresponding measures have been taken in China for sexually transmitted infections and achieved remarkable results, but the three major sexually transmitted infections are still in the forefront of the reported notifiable infectious diseases incidence in China. At the same time, all sexually transmitted infections are beginning to shift from high-risk population to the general population, especially adolescents and the floating population.Therefore, China should still pay more attention to the prevention and control of STIs to hold back their further spread or epidemic.

Transfusion-Associated Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome—What Is the Risk?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-160
Author(s):  
MARGARET C. FISHER
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
Sexual Contact ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
And Control

Relatively few pediatricians will ever care for a child with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS); yet, all will be asked questions about this disease. Parents want to know the risk of their children acquiring AIDS. The fear and even panic surrounding AIDS continues to escalate. To educate our patients and control panic, we must understand the disease and the routes of transmission. It is now clear that AIDS is one end of the spectrum of illness caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV, formerly called HTLV-III/LAV). The virus is present in blood and body fluids. It is transmitted from person to person by sexual contact and by exchange of blood.

The inter-relationship of premenstrual symptoms

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 947-955 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Mira ◽  
S. Abraham ◽  
D. McNeil ◽  
J. Vizzard ◽  
P. Macaskill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Premenstrual Symptom ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Factor Scores ◽  
Premenstrual Symptoms ◽  
Mood Symptoms ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Symptom Reports ◽  
And Control

SYNOPSISThe prospective symptom reports of women seeking treatment for premenstrual symptoms and control subjects were investigated. In order to compare symptom reports from premenstrual symptom sufferers and control subjects a method of combining and analysing prospectively collected menstrual cycle symptom data is required. A technique that uses the time of onset of menses and the time of ovulation (as measured by urinary luteinizing hormone excretion) to standardize each cycle into 14 time points was developed. Summary factors were then empirically derived from data collected prospectively from 30 premenstrual symptom sufferers and 19 control subjects. Twenty-two mood symptoms were summarized into a single factor and the 29 most frequently occurring physical symptoms were summarized into two factors. Factor scores were calculated on the basis of these factors and the effect of time during the menstrual cycle on these scores examined. Both physical symptom factor scores increased significantly in the luteal phase for both the premenstrual symptom sufferer group and the control group. The single mood factor score increased significantly in the luteal phase for the premenstrual symptom sufferer group but not for the control group, suggesting that the only qualitative difference between the groups was the presence of cyclic mood symptoms in the premenstrual symptom sufferer group. The premenstrual symptom sufferer group recorded significantly higher scores on each of the three factors than the control group. The correlation between the scores on each of the factors over three cycles was high both in the follicular and luteal phase suggesting that these factor scores provide a reproducible measure of menstrual cycle symptomatology.

scholarly journals The Correlation between Hormonal Disturbance in PCOS Women and Serum Level of Kisspeptin

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Razaw O. Ibrahim ◽  
Shirwan H. Omer ◽  
Chro N. Fattah
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Free Testosterone ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Normal Women ◽  
And Control ◽  
Lh Secretion ◽  
Ovarian Syndrome

Background. Kisspeptin is a neuropeptide that upregulates gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion. It is an essential element for the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge and ovulation. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) expose alteration in both GnRH and LH secretion levels. Objective. This paper aims to evaluate serum kisspeptin levels in healthy and polycystic ovarian syndrome women. Furthermore, it investigates the effect of obesity and age on circulating kisspeptin levels in both normal and PCOS women. Moreover, it points out the correlation between kisspeptin and other hormonal parameters. Methods and Patients. One hundred women (60 are with PCOS and 40 are normal) were enrolled in the study. Five milliliter samples of blood from all the patients and control women were obtained twice during the menstrual cycle. All the study samples were classified depending on the age factor for several subgroups. Results. Kisspeptin levels were higher in PCOS patients than those in the normal group. Kisspeptin correlated with serum free testosterone level (r=0.26). In healthy women, preovulatory kisspeptin levels were higher than follicular kisspeptin levels (P<0.05), while this difference was insignificant in PCOS patients. The variation in serum kisspeptin levels between overweight/obese and normal-weight women was insignificant. In normal women, serum kisspeptin levels were higher in women >35 years than those <24 years at (P=0.03). Conclusion. The serum kisspeptin level is higher in PCOS women. Its levels fluctuate during the menstrual cycle, but these fluctuations are disturbed in PCOS women. The effect of BMI on serum kisspeptin levels is insignificant, and kisspeptin serum levels increase with age.

scholarly journals Stabiizing The Steady State Solution of Lasser Fever: Problems and Prospect

2022 ◽  
Vol 05 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Innocent C. Eli ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Control Parameter ◽  
Steady State Solution ◽  
Lassa Fever ◽  
Sexual Contact ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
The Stability ◽  
And Control ◽  
Disease Free

The study of mathematical modeling of the stability analysis of Lassa fever was examined. A mathematical model for the spread and control of Lassa fever was formulated and analyzed. The model incorporates a control parameter, the use of condom to control human to human transmission through sexual contact with opposite sex. The disease free and endemic equilibrium states were analyzed.

Artificial Techniques of Procreation: Legal and Moral Aspects

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 600-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pinhas Shifinan
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Sexual Relations ◽  
Underlying Assumption ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Creation

The Psalmist's wrote: “For my father and my mother have forsaken me, but the Lord will take me up”. The eleventh-century commentator Rashi explains that this abandoned child, forsaken by his father and mother, is actually a fetus. “For my mother and father have forsaken me— [i.e.] during coition, they thought of their own enjoyment, and having finished their enjoyment, he turns away and she turns away;But the Lord will take me up— [i.e.] the Holy One Blessed Be He protects the semen and creates the fetus”. This graphic and surprisingly poignant depiction of the bedroom is an attempt to portray man's existential solitude from the very moment of conception. He is abandoned by his parents, who were partners to his conception. They forsake him as soon as they complete their sexual intercourse, since their exertions were meant for pleasure, not for childbirth. At this point, intercession comes from God, whom the Sages elsewhere say is the third partner to the creation of man. God assumes responsibility for the continued development of the embryo from conception onward. The underlying assumption of this view is that childbirth is an incidental byproduct of sexual relations, which are primarily intended for mutual pleasure.

scholarly journals Correlation assessment of gender and thyroid hormones in patients with primary oligomenorhea in anamnesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 52-58
Author(s):  
K. P. Ibadullaeva-Adygezalova
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Endometrial Thickness ◽  
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Weak Correlation ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

Objective. To determine the concentration of pituitary, ovarian and thyroid hormones in the blood and the correlation between them in women with a history of primary oligomenorrhea. Material and methods. The study involved 56 women of reproductive age with primary oligomenorrhea. Control 50 women of fertile age with an undisturbed rhythm of menstruation. An ultrasound of the uterus, ovaries and thyroid gland was performed. Concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin, estradiol, testosterone dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were determined by ELISA. Results. The average age of women in the main and control groups was 30.0 1.34 and 30.52 5.92 years (p 0.05), respectively. The average age of menarche in women of the main group was 13.27 0.80 years; duration of menstruation 3.4 0.40 days and 5.2 0.82 days (p = 0.051), respectively; duration of the menstrual cycle was 33.90 0.70 days (p = 0.001). Length and width of the uterus 3.99 0.19 cm (p = 0.055) and 4.51 0.11 cm, respectively; endometrial thickness 9.78 1.20 mm. The sizes of thyroid lobes did not differ between the groups. The LH level and the LH / FSH ratio were higher than the control values by 50.79 % (p = 0.052) and 52.66 % (p = 0.045), respectively. Testosterone and TSH concentrations were 38.33 and 34.36 % higher, respectively. The estradiol level was reduced by 56.67 % (p = 0.113). A weak correlation was revealed between sex and thyroid hormones. Conclusions. In women with a history of primary oligomenorrhea, the concentration of luteini-zing hormone and the LH / FSH ratio in the blood serum are significantly higher (p 0.05). In women with primary oligomenorrhea, there was a weak correlation between sex and thyroid hormones. The results will provide insight into the relationship between the thyroid function and the menstrual cycle.

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