The Representation of Mary in the Architecture of Le Corbusier's Chapel at Ronchamp

1999 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 398-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flora Samuel
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Le Corbusier ◽  
Cult Of Mary ◽  
The Way

In the Fondation Le Corbusier in Paris there is a little guide for pilgrims that was given to the architect when he began work on the pilgrimage chapel of Notre Dame du Haut Ronchamp (1955), probably the most influential yet contentious building of the twentieth century (fig. 1). Within the guide, the section on the cult of Mary has been heavily underlined and in the margin is the word “feminism,” written by Le Corbusier, a very unusual departure for a man of his times. In this article I will examine the role of Mary in the work of Le Corbusier and discuss the way in which she is interpreted in the architecture of Ronchamp.

Contract as Promise: Lessons Learned

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-379
Author(s):  
Charles Fried
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Contract Theory ◽  
Choice Theory ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Way

Abstract In The Choice Theory of Contracts, Hanoch Dagan and Michael Heller state that by arguing “that autonomy matters centrally to contract,” Contract as Promise makes an “enduring contribution . . . but [its] specific arguments faltered because [they] missed the role of diverse contract types and because [it] grounded contractual freedom in a flawed rights-based view. . .. We can now say all rights-based arguments for contractual autonomy have failed.” The authors conclude that their proposed choice theory “approach returns analysis to the mainstream of twentieth-century liberalism – a tradition concerned with enhancing self-determination that is mostly absent in contract theory today.” Perhaps the signal flaw in Contract as Promise they sought to address was the homogenization of all contract types under a single paradigm. In this Article, I defend the promise principle as the appropriate paradigm for the regime of contract law. Along the way I defend the Kantian account of this subject, while acknowledging that state enforcement necessarily introduces elements — both normative and institutional — for which that paradigm fails adequately to account. Of particular interest and validity is Dagan and Heller’s discussion of contract types, to which the law has always and inevitably recurred. They show how this apparent constraint on contractual freedom actually enhances freedom to contract. I discuss what I have learned from their discussion: that choice like languages, is “lumpy,” so that realistically choices must be made between and framed within available types, off the rack, as it were, and not bespoke on each occasion. I do ask as well how these types come into being mutate, and can be deliberately adapted to changing circumstances.

Jam Making, Cuthbert Rabbit and Cakes: Redefining Domestic Labour in the Women's Institute, 1915–60

Rural History ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maggie Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Domestic Labour ◽  
The Way

I have discussed elsewhere the role of the British Women's Institute Movement within twentieth-century feminism. This paper will take this argument further by focusing on the way in which the W.I. redefined domestic labour as skilled and thus provided scope for rural women to gain status and validation from their involvement in it. First, however, I want to propose a different perception of the Women's Institute Movement from the more common idea of ‘Jam and Jerusalem’ popular in the 1990s, and describe its activities for those unfamiliar with the Movement.

Tellings of an Encounter: A Meeting between Muḥammad ʿAbduh, Herbert Spencer and Wilfrid Blunt (1903)

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 105-128
Author(s):  
Ammeke Kateman
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Herbert Spencer ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way

AbstractIn 1903, the Islamic reformist Muḥammad ʿAbduh (1849-1905), the English philosopher Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) and the English writer Wilfrid Scawen Blunt (1840-1922) met in Spencer’s home in Brighton. This article focuses on the history of the various tellings of this encounter that brought together three intellectuals from a globalizing and colonial world. It shows that the various renditions were creative negotiations of the encounter’s meaning across times, places and languages in the twentieth century. Specifically, this article’s comparison of the content, form and role of the accounts in Rashīd Riḍā’sAl-Manār(1915 and 1922), Blunt’sMy Diaries(1920), Riḍā’s biography of ʿAbduh (theTārīkh, 1931) and ʿImārah’s collection of ʿAbduh’s works (Al-Aʿmāl al-Kāmilah, 1972), and the way these accounts relate to each other through creative borrowing and translation, demonstrate the way European dominance in the global political and intellectual realm was confronted, negotiated and reiterated in the various tellings of the encounter.

Diaries Real and Fictional in Twentieth-Century French Writing

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Life Writing ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Andre Gide ◽  
World War ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Diary Writing ◽  
Second World ◽  
The Way

This is the first study of the diary in French writing across the twentieth century, as a genre including both fictional and non-fictional works. From the 1880s it became apparent to writers in France that their diaries (or journaux intimes) – a supposedly private form of writing – would probably come to be published, strongly affecting the way their readers viewed their other published works, and their very persona as an author. More than any other, André Gide embraced the literary potential of the diary: the first part of this book follows his experimentation with the diary in the fictional works Les Cahiers d’André Walter (1891) and Paludes (1895), in his diary of the composition of his great novel, Le Journal des faux-monnayeurs (1926), and in his monumental Journal 1889–1939 (1939). The second part follows developments in diary-writing after the Second World War, inflected by radical changes in attitudes towards the writing subject. Raymond Queneau’s works published under the pseudonym of Sally Mara (1947–1962) used the diary playfully at a time when the writing subject was condemned by the literary avant-garde. Roland Barthes’s experiments with the diary (1977–1979) took it to the extremes of its formal possibilities, at the point of a return of the writing subject. Annie Ernaux’s published diaries (1993–2011) demonstrate the role of the diary in the modern field of life-writing, especially in comparison with autobiography. Throughout the century, the diary has repeatedly been used to construct an œuvre and author, but also to call these fundamental literary concepts into question.

scholarly journals Kazimir Malevich: Approaching The New System

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Lyubchenko
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Set Theory ◽  
Fourth Dimension ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Scientific Content ◽  
Original Script ◽  
The World ◽  
New System ◽  
The Way

This dissertation examines Kazimir Malevich’s art and writing with a view to establishing that they combine a strain of strict methodological reductionism with an equally well-marked esotericism. It strives to prove that although this feature of Malevich’s work was common among vanguard artists and thinkers, there are also highly idiosyncratic qualities in the way Malevich reconciled these two threads. An ensuing goal of this work is to propose how to complete an unfinished 1927 film script by Kazimir Malevich titled “Artistic and Scientific Film—Painting and Architectural Concerns—Approaching the New Plastic Architectural System.” <div>The question regarding the confluence of science and mysticism in Malevich’s work— the primary concern of this dissertation—requires tracing in the artist’s art and writings the presence of ideas belonging to these worldviews traditionally considered to be antithetical to each other. This dissertation establishes Malevich’s relationship with mysticism and strains of thought that resemble scientific content and approach. Among the latter, this work investigates Malevich’s interest in the geometry of the fourth dimension, draws parallels between the artist’s concern for visualizing infinity and the problems of set theory, and examines the role of imaginary numbers in Malevich’s worldview. To complete the analysis of Malevich’s exploration of the concept of space prominent in the aforementioned mathematical themes, this dissertation examines the artist’s interest in investigating the space of the cosmos. It also establishes that Malevich’s ideas were not only influenced by the scientific advancements in electromagnetism but also by the theories of thermodynamics, which together with the former relay a view of the world where all processes, organic and inorganic, are understood as the product of the transformation of energy. In Cubism and Futurism: Spiritual Machines and the Cinematic Effect, R. Bruce Elder draws attention to the early twentieth-century thinkers’ view of cinema as an electromagnetic machine. This dissertation examines Malevich’s relationship with the cinematic art and its reception in Russia during Malevich’s most productive years. This work concludes with having satisfied its larger objective: to envision a possible scenario of how Malevich’s unfinished script could unfold. It contains the copy of the original script, its proposed finale, and an essay that outlines how my investigation of Malevich’s intellectual landscape informed the decisions involved in inferring the concluding shot sequences of the artist’s only cinematic work.<br></div>

scholarly journals Литература в контексте социально-политических трансформаций конца ХХ в.: словенский опыт

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Н. Н. Старикова ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Public Life ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Qualitative Changes ◽  
The Way

The problem of changing the role of literature in the modern world is especially acute in the former socialist European countries, survived at the end of the twentieth century fundamental social and political changes. Slovenia, which gained sovereignty during the disintegration of the SFRY, is one of the typical examples. For a long time, Slovenian literature developed under the sign of the struggle for national independence, going through many severe trials along the way. The first decades of independence created the preconditions for qualitative changes within literature and led to the transformation of its role in public life.

Intangible Infrastructures and their Components

2002 ◽  
pp. x-x
Author(s):  
Gordon Boyce
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
Nordic Countries ◽  
Shipping Industry ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Way

This section explores the intangible infrastructures of maritime economies and the shipping industry through analysis of three separate components. The first sub-section explores the role of shipping agents in the twentieth century by analysing the varieties of agencies, their changing functions, the impact of both World Wars, and, in particular, the impact of containerisation. It determines that by the end of the century, technological, geopolitical, and managerial transformations rendered the role of the shipping agent all but obsolete. The second sub-section examines the consular services of Nordic countries during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in order to determine whether or not they were successful, and discovers that the assumption that consular services lowered maritime transaction costs cannot be wholly verified. The final sub-section explores the Mediterranean narrow-sea nexus and the way in which the Mediterranean region served as a ‘strategic corridor’ for European colonial activity.

Lucien Bailly (1871–1940): An eccentric troublemaker and a real precursor. A short story of shareholders’ activism in France at the beginning of the twentieth century

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 518-535
Author(s):  
Christine Fournès
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Short Story ◽  
Social Activism ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Minority Shareholders ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Proxy Fights ◽  
The Way

The article highlights the role of an eccentric troublemaker at the beginning of the twentieth century – Lucien Bailly. The Pont-à-Mousson company’s archives, one of the major joint stock companies in the mining industry at that time, provide a wealth of information about this very interesting character. It is argued that Lucien Bailly paved the way for present-day activism. While the nature of shareholder-activists is far different today, there is a similar dichotomy between private and public or cooperative and hostile actions. This is the true legacy of Lucien Bailly. He was also the pioneer of proxy fights with the creation of the first association defending minority shareholders and the precursor of social activism.

scholarly journals School of “Culture and Personality” – Some suggestions for the youth education in Vietnam

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (X3) ◽  
pp. 26-33
Author(s):  
Lan Thi Phuong Ngo
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
American Culture ◽  
Biological Entity ◽  
Cultural Dimension ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Youth Education ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Way

Human being is a social as well as biological entity. Therefore, when explaining how personality is formed, cultural anthropologists often put people into the interaction of nature and cultural dimension. In this process, they always emphasis on the role of culture. By contemplating the American culture and personality, which is a prominent field in anthropology in the mid-twentieth century, this paper suggests pathways for the study of the youth in Vietnam. More specially, this paper confirms the significant role of the family and social socialization to individuals especially to adolescences who are experiencing an important phase in the process of personality formulation. On that basis, to utilize the potentials and capabilities of the youth, it is advised that we should change our big assumptions about them in term of their roles in the society and the way to educate them.

scholarly journals Serving Astronomy: the Aim of the IAU

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (S349) ◽  
pp. 129-138
Author(s):  
David Baneke ◽  
Johannes Andersen ◽  
Claus Madsen
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Development Programs ◽  
Scientific Cooperation ◽  
International Astronomical ◽  
Changing Role ◽  
International Scientific Cooperation ◽  
The Way

AbstractThe IAU was founded in 1919 “to facilitate the relations between astronomers of different countries where international co-operation is necessary or useful” and “to promote the study of astronomy in all its departments”. These aims have led the IAU throughout the century of its existence, but the way it has tried to fulfil them has changed. We have tried to trace the changing role of the IAU in the international astronomical community through the twentieth century and into the twenty-first. The IAU has striven – occasionally struggled – to protect international scientific cooperation across the deep political divides that characterized the 20th century, while maintaining an important function in the context of the rapidly evolving science itself and the changing fabric of institutions involved in astronomy. We especially argue how the emphasis of the IAU’s activities has shifted from the first aim – facilitating collaboration by organizing meetings and defining common standards – to the second aim: promoting astronomy by outreach and development programs.

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