The Effect of Range Condition and Intensity of Grazing upon Daily Intake and Nutritive Value of the Diet on Desert Ranges

1962 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Wayne Cook ◽  
Kent Taylor ◽  
Lorin E. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Range Condition

COMPARATIVE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF AN INVASIVE EXOTIC PLANT SPECIES, Prosopis glandulosa TORR. var. glandulosa, AND FIVE INDIGENOUS PLANT SPECIES COMMONLY BROWSED BY SMALL STOCK IN THE BORAVAST AREA, SOUTH-WESTERN BOTSWANA

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-16
Author(s):  
Moffat Pinkie Setshogo ◽  
Marks Kgosimotse Matlotlo Ditlhogo ◽  
Gaone Mosweunyane
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Prosopis Glandulosa ◽  
Exotic Plant ◽  
Exotic Plant Species ◽  
Indigenous Plant ◽  
Multiple Mineral ◽  
Invasive Exotic

Nutritive value of an invasive exotic plant species, Prosopis glandulosa Torr. var. glandulosa, and five indigenous plant species commonly browsed by livestock in Bokspits, Rapplespan, Vaalhoek and Struizendam (BORAVAST), southwest Botswana, was determined and compared. These five indigenous plant species were Vachellia hebeclada (DC.) Kyal. & Boatwr. subsp. hebeclada, Vachellia erioloba (E. Mey.) P.J.H. Hurter, Senegalia mellifera (Vahl) Seigler & Ebinger subsp. detinens (Burch.) Kyal. & Boatwr., Boscia albitrunca (Burch.) Gilg & Gilg-Ben. var. albitrunca and Rhigozum trichotomum Burch. The levels of Crude Protein (CP), Phosphorus (P), Calcium (C), Magnesium (Mg), Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K) were determined for the plants foliage and pods (where available). All plant species had a CP value higher than the recommended daily intake. There are however multiple mineral deficiencies in the plant species analysed. Nutritive value of Prosopis glandulosa is comparable to those other species despite the perception that livestock that browse on it are more productive than those that browse on the other plant species.

scholarly journals Breakfast characteristics and its association with daily micronutrients intake – A systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Giménez-Legarre ◽  
María Luisa Miguel-Berges ◽  
Paloma Flores-Barrantes ◽  
Alba María Santaliestra-Pasías ◽  
Luis A Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Vitamin B1 ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Breakfast Skipping ◽  
Meal Skipping

AbstractIntroductionBreakfast (BF) is widely recognized as an important component of a healthy lifestyle and represents an important source of key nutrients in the diet for both adults and children. Furthermore, BF consumption seems to be associated with a better intake of vitamins and minerals in both, children and adolescents.The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between frequency and characteristics of BF consumption and its relation with micronutrients intake.Material and MethodsAn exhaustive search was carried out in three datasets in March 2019. The search strategy used to identify the articles was as follow: breakfast, food beverages appetite regulation, child nutritional physiological phenomena, diet, digestion, eating, feeding behavior, gastrointestinal absorption, hunger, nutritional requirements, nutritional status, nutritive value, breakfast skipping, meal skipping, fasting, food preferences, diet therapy, child, preschool, adolescent, breakfast skipping and meal skipping. Two independent reviewers performed the data extraction and assessed their quality and risk of bias following the PRISMA methodology and using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Meta-analysis was performed comparing results based on type of BF: skip BF, Ready To Eat Cereal (RTEC) BF and other types of BF. DerSimonian and Laird estimators using random effects models were applied for continuous data. Effect sizes were calculated for each outcome.ResultsOut of 3105 articles, we selected 30 full-text articles for inclusion and 7 were considered for meta-analysis.. Children who usually skip BF had significantly lower daily intake of vitamin A (SMD, -10.407; 95%CI: -14.147, -6.667) and vitamin C (SMD, -4.127; 95%CI: -5.091, -3.162) than BF consumers. The intake of vitamin B1 (SMD, -16.378; 95%CI: -29.110, -3.647) and vitamin B2 [SMD, -14.757; 95%CI: -20.247, -9.268] was lower in skippers than RTEC BF consumers.Regarding to minerals, children who usually consume BF had significantly higher daily consumption of Calcium (SMD, -7.034; 95%CI: -9.029, -5.040), Iron (SMD, -6.552; 95%CI: -9.242, -3.861) and Sodium (SMD, -3.395; 95%CI: -5.554, -1.236) than BF skippers. The intake of Magnesium (SMD, -10.903; 95%CI: -18.078, -3.729) and Potassium (SMD, -6.972; 95%CI: -10.689, -3.254) was higher in RTEC BF consumers than BF skippers.DiscussionEvidence suggested that BF consumption and RTEC breakfast consumption seems to be associated with better micronutrient intake

scholarly journals Rapeseed meal as a protein source for growing pigs

1982 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 313-320
Author(s):  
Maija-Liisa Salo
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Yorkshire Pigs ◽  
Pelleted Diet ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
High Level

Three groups of 17 Yorkshire pigs, from 24 to 98 kg liveweight, were fed on three diets which differed only in the main protein sources. Diet 1 contained Span rapeseed meal (RSM) 17% and pea 5 %, diet 2 RSM 8 % and fish meal 4 %, and diet 3 (control) soybean meal (SBM) 5.5 % and fish meal 4 %. The daily rations were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous, and contained digestive crude protein (DCP), lysine and S-amino acids according to standards. The feeds were steam pelleted, and the pigs were fed using a one-diet system and restrictive feeding. The only clear difference between diets was the poorer palatability of those containing RSM, especially of diet 2. The feeding of groups 1 and 2 was therefore actually unrestrictive. The average daily intake of f.u./pig was significantly (P < 0.01) lower in group 2. Some tail biting occurred in group 2. The growth results were equal for diets 1 and 3, and nonsignificantly poorer for diet 2. The average daily gains of groups 1, 2 and 3 were 813, 788 and 820 g, and the f.u./kg gain 2.74, 2.78 and 2.74, respectively. In carcass characteristics there were no differences between diets: the side fat was 20.3, 21.3 and 20.9 mm, and the area of l. dorsi 36.7, 37.8 and 37.7cm2, respectively. No odd tastes in fat or meat were observed. The results indicate that quite a high level of Span ROM in steam pelleted diet can be fed and still produce high daily gain. The combination of RCM with other feed ingredients seems to have an extra influence on the palatability and nutritive value of the diet. Because RSM makes the diet more bulky and less palatable, the pigs can be fed ad libitum without negative effect on the carcass quality.

Nutritional status and intake regulation in sheep. VII.* Control of voluntary intake of three diets and the responses to intraruminal feeding

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 347 ◽  
Author(s):  
AR Egan
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Partial Recovery ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Intake Regulation ◽  
Normal Daily Intake

In six experiments, sheep were fed ad libitum on either chopped lucerne hay, chopped wheaten straw, or a ground, pelleted lucerne hay/barley diet. On each diet either the dietary material itself, a more highly digestible material, or sawdust was introduced per fistulam into the reticulorumen in amounts equal to c. 25% of the normal daily intake by weight. For each diet, with intraruminal additions on a single occasion only, the most accurate adjustments of oral intake on a weight or a digestible energy basis were observed when the diet itself was added. On the pellet diet, reduction of oral intake was most rapid and of greater magnitude when materials of high digestibility were introduced, though intake was also reduced when sawdust was introduced. On the chopped lucerne hay diet and on the chopped wheaten straw diet, oral intake was depressed more after the introduction of materials of lower digestibility. When pellets were introduced into animals fed on chopped wheaten straw, oral intake was at first reduced but subsequently increased, which indicated an interaction between the basal diet and the supplement. In longer-term experiments, daily introduction per fistularn of the dietary material at c. 25% of the mean daily intake resulted in a rapid decrease in oral intake of each diet. The decreases in intake, expressed as a percentage of the weight of diet added per fistulam (response index), were 95–115% (pellets), 60–80% (lucerne hay), and 76–104% (wheaten straw), and generally became greater with time. With the pellet diet, trends in intake with time showed an increasingly greater adjustment to materials of high digestibility, and an apparent accommodation or compensation for imposition of a load of indigestible material. Such compensation for indigestible material was not apparent on the two all-roughage diets. Introduction of lucerne/barley pellets into the rumen of sheep fed on chopped wheaten straw resulted in no change, or a slight increase, in straw consumption, and an overall increase in intake of digestible dry matter. In two further experiments a bladder, expanded with water to volumes of 1,2, or 3 litres, caused significant decreases in intake of both the pellet diet and the chopped wheaten straw diet, effects being more rapid and more drastic in the case of the wheaten straw diet. Although there was subsequently a partial recovery of oral intake with the pellet diet, no such apparent compensation occurred with the wheaten straw diet. The results indicate that sensitivity to indigestible material can limit the intake of roughage even though the digesta content of the reticulorumen is not at a maximum, and confirm that important relationships exist between the nutritive value of the diet or nutritional status of the animal and the ability to accommodate indigestible material. ____________________ *Part VI, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 21: 735 (1970).

scholarly journals Management of clover in grazed pastures: expectations, limitations and opportunities

1996 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 55-64
Author(s):  
D.F. Chapman ◽  
A.J. Parsons ◽  
S. Schwinning
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Metabolic Efficiency ◽  
N Fixation ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Nitrogen Inputs ◽  
Clover Content

The value of white clover as a component of New Zealand pastures is undeniable, but it is also widely recognised that clover has limitations as a pasture plant and that these can lead to inefficiencies in the performance of grass/clover associations. This paper identifies some of the limitations to optimising the contribution of clover in complex soil/pasture/animal systems, within the context of the expectations commonly held of clover. Limitations to exploiting the greater digestive efficiency and short-term intake rate of clover compared to grass when they are grown in a mixture include animal behaviour responses that sometimes impose a restriction on total daily intake of nutrients, and the fact that clover often constitutes less than 20% of the pasture. Nitrogen inputs and yield advantages are also restricted by the low clover content of pastures. A simulation model is used to analyse the co-existence of grass and clover as influenced by N dynamics. This model explains the basis for selfregulation by grass/clover mixtures of the amount of mineral N in the soil. Self-regulation minimises N losses from mixtures, but the dynamic response of grass and clover to N availability also means that there may only be limited scope for increasing the overall clover content, or decreasing the spatial heterogeneity in clover distribution, of a mixture. Managing grass/clover associations to realise the benefits of white clover therefore means manipulating a complex system, where the outcomes of manipulation depend as much on the response of the companion grass as on the response of the clover itself. Opportunities for attaining a higher clover content in pastures include: manipulating the preferences of animals for clover versus grass; spatially separating grass and clover within fields; increasing the metabolic efficiency of N fixation in clover; uncoupling the apparent link between rhizobium symbiosis and the N content of clover leaves; and modifying the stolon morphology of clover as a way of increasing clover presence in favourable microsites within the pasture. Keywords: genetic improvement, grass/clover competition, grazing behaviour, intake, models, N fixation, nitrogen dynamics, nutritive value

The nutritive value of citrus pulp ensiled with wheat straw and poultry litter for sheep

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 1143 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Migwi ◽  
J. R. Gallagher ◽  
R. J. van Barneveld
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Titrable Acidity ◽  
Citrus Pulp ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter

In experiment 1, 4 treatments were prepared consisting of a mixture of chopped wheat straw in different proportions, a fixed proportion of poultry litter and 0, 15, 30 and 45% citrus pulp on a dry matter basis. The mixtures were ensiled for 60 days at room temperature in polythene bags. Ensiling (time effect) resulted in an increase (P<0.001) in titrable acidity level and a decrease in pH in the silage. In titrable acidity, there was an interaction effect (P<0.001) between the levels of citrus pulp and the ensiling time, such that there was an increase (P<0.001) in titrable acidity and a decrease (P<0.001) in pH in the 4 treatments both before and after fermentation. However, compared with the premix, there was a large increase in titrable acidity in silage following fermentation. Ensiling resulted in complete elimination of all coliforms in spite of their presence in large numbers in the mixtures before ensiling. Although the total nitrogen content was not affected, ensiling resulted in an increase (P<0.05) in the proportion of soluble nitrogen. The potential degradability of the silage dry matter ranged from 487 to 582 g/kg and increased (P<0.05) with the level of citrus pulp. In experiment 2, the daily intake of dry matter, organic matter, digestible organic matter and the digestibility of organic matter increased significantly with levels of citrus pulp in the basal silage diet, but there was no difference (P>0.05) in dry matter intake between diets containing 0, 76 and 167 g/kg citrus pulp when the intake was expressed on the basis of metabolic body weight. However, there was a decrease (P<0.001) in intake of silage and diet dry matter, organic matter and digestible organic matter when the level of citrus pulp in the basal silage diet increased from 167 to 272 g/kg. Only animals on the basal silage diet containing 167 g/kg citrus pulp had a higher (P<0.05) and positive nitrogen balance of 1.0 g/day. It is concluded that wheat straw and poultry litter can be ensiled successfully with citrus pulp to produce silage that is safe and of high fermentation quality. This silage has a medium to high feeding value in sheep, provided that the level of citrus pulp in the diet is in the range of 150–200 g/kg.

scholarly journals Nutritive Value Of Three Potential Complementary Foods Based On Cereals And Legumes

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 01-14
Author(s):  
Solomon Mariam ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Complementary Foods ◽  
Weaning Foods ◽  
Home Based ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Food Commodities

The objectives of the study were to formulate composite blends (weaning foods based on locally available cereals and legumes, to chemically evaluate their nutrient values, and compare with those of a proprietary formula and recommended daily allowance (RDA). The study is part of the effort to provide home-based complementary (weaning) foods that can be more cost effective to the low income families. Three composite blends were formulated based on protein basis of the food commodities used. Standard procedures of Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) were used to determine the proximate chemical composition. Technicon amino acid analyzer was used to detect and quantify neither amino acids using nor leucine as the internal standard, while atomic absorption spectrophotometer and ion chromatographic analyzer were used to determine the mineral element composition. The overall results indicated that crude protein, lipid, fibre, ash, moisture, energy and carbohydrate were either comparable or higher than values in the proprietary formula. The subject formulae would meet the RDA for protein, lipid, magnesium, manganese and fluoride based on an estimated daily intake of 65 g of weaning foods by a normal six months old infant in Jos, Nigeria. The subject diets would not meet the RDA for other nutrients based on the same estimation. It is therefore recommended that infants fed on these formulations be breastfed for at least two years, since the formulations are not intended to substitute breast milk, but to complement it. Frequent feeding on these foods is also recommended to increase daily nutrient intake. Inclusion of other nutrient-dense food commodities or appropriate micronutrients is necessary to raise the level of nutrients. The researchers believe that complementary foods formulated from locally available food commodities have great potential in providing nutritious foods that are practical, food-based approaches, aimed at combating the problem of malnutrition among infants and children in Nigeria in particular, and developing counties in general.

scholarly journals Nutritive value index of treated wheat straw with Pleurotus fungi

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (5-6-1) ◽  
pp. 169-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Fazaeli
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Fungal Treatment ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Wheat straw was inoculated with spawns of two species of Pleurotus fungi (coded: PF and PO) and incubated in a fermentation room at 22?5?C and 70?5, relative humidity. After 17 days of spawning, when the substrate was completely covered by fungal mycelia, half of the bags were removed from the fermentation room, sun dried and used for in vitro measurements and in vivo study as well, using of sheep. For the remainder of the bags, fermentation was allowed for seven weeks during which the fruiting mushroom was harvested two times, and then spent straw was collected and dried under the sun. In a feeding trial, in vivo digestibility and voluntary intake of treated straw was compared with initial straw in cattle, when the dietary treatments were: 1) Initial wheat straw (IWS); 2) Fungal (PF) treated wheat straw before mushroom formation (FTWS); 3) Fungal (PF) spent wheat straw (SPWS) after mushroom was harvested. Results showed that, the fungal treatments significantly (P<0.05) affected the nutrient composition of wheat straw by increasing the CP and ash, but decreasing the OM, NDF, ADF, ADL, cellulose (CL) and hemi cellulose (HCL) contents. The in vitro digestibility of DM and OM were significantly (P<0.05) the highest for PF treated straw but the lowest for the initial straw. The in vivo digestibility of most components were significantly (P<0.05) increased, in sheep, however treatment PF showed the higher amounts of digestibility than that of the PO with exception for crude protein CP and HCL. Regarding the feeding trial by cow, results indicated that, the highest amount of DM and OM digestibility were found in FTWS followed by SPWS, but the initial straw had the lowest digestibility (P<0.05). Average daily intake of DM, OM, as well as the digestible DM and OM intake were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the treatments. In comparison to the IWS, PO inoculated straw increased the voluntary intake of digestible DM and OM, at the stage of mycellial running, however, the digestibility and intake of SPWS were significantly (P<0.05) reduced to the level of initial straw. In conclusion, fermentation of wheat straw by Pleurotus florida and P. ostreatus, improved the nutritive value of straw although the effect of P.F. was more than that of the P.O. In addition, fungal treatment of straw before mushroom formation, improved the nutritive value index, but no enhancement was found in SPWS comparing with the initial straw.

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