The nutritive value of citrus pulp ensiled with wheat straw and poultry litter for sheep

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 1143 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Migwi ◽  
J. R. Gallagher ◽  
R. J. van Barneveld
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Titrable Acidity ◽  
Citrus Pulp ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter

In experiment 1, 4 treatments were prepared consisting of a mixture of chopped wheat straw in different proportions, a fixed proportion of poultry litter and 0, 15, 30 and 45% citrus pulp on a dry matter basis. The mixtures were ensiled for 60 days at room temperature in polythene bags. Ensiling (time effect) resulted in an increase (P<0.001) in titrable acidity level and a decrease in pH in the silage. In titrable acidity, there was an interaction effect (P<0.001) between the levels of citrus pulp and the ensiling time, such that there was an increase (P<0.001) in titrable acidity and a decrease (P<0.001) in pH in the 4 treatments both before and after fermentation. However, compared with the premix, there was a large increase in titrable acidity in silage following fermentation. Ensiling resulted in complete elimination of all coliforms in spite of their presence in large numbers in the mixtures before ensiling. Although the total nitrogen content was not affected, ensiling resulted in an increase (P<0.05) in the proportion of soluble nitrogen. The potential degradability of the silage dry matter ranged from 487 to 582 g/kg and increased (P<0.05) with the level of citrus pulp. In experiment 2, the daily intake of dry matter, organic matter, digestible organic matter and the digestibility of organic matter increased significantly with levels of citrus pulp in the basal silage diet, but there was no difference (P>0.05) in dry matter intake between diets containing 0, 76 and 167 g/kg citrus pulp when the intake was expressed on the basis of metabolic body weight. However, there was a decrease (P<0.001) in intake of silage and diet dry matter, organic matter and digestible organic matter when the level of citrus pulp in the basal silage diet increased from 167 to 272 g/kg. Only animals on the basal silage diet containing 167 g/kg citrus pulp had a higher (P<0.05) and positive nitrogen balance of 1.0 g/day. It is concluded that wheat straw and poultry litter can be ensiled successfully with citrus pulp to produce silage that is safe and of high fermentation quality. This silage has a medium to high feeding value in sheep, provided that the level of citrus pulp in the diet is in the range of 150–200 g/kg.

Laboratory evaluation of ensiled poultry litter

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-161
Author(s):  
M. Hadjipanayiotou
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter

ABSTRACTPoultry litter collected from a commercial broiler house, bedded with wood shavings, was used. The material was screened and ground before it was ensiled either alone or with other agricultural by-products, namely chopped barley straw, a mixture of weeds and grapefruit peels. The digestible organic matter in the dry matter value in vitro (0·39) for litter was comparable with that for straw and weeds. Of the total nitrogen (36·3 g/kg dry matter), 0·19 was ammonia-nitrogen and 0·77 protein-nitrogen. Digestible energy and crude fibre in the litter were 7·19 MJ and 334 g/kg dry matter, respectively. Addition of poultry litter at ensiling resulted in significant increases in nitrogen and ash content of the original mixtures. Inclusion of sodium hydroxide in fermented and non-fermented mixtures elevated digestible organic matter in the dry matter values in vitro by 0·19 and 0·13, respectively; the crude fibre concentration was lowered. All initial mixtures were free of lactic acid and were positive for the pathogen Proteus when tested. Unlike crude fibre, fatty acid and free ammonia, which were increased after fermentation, digestible organic matter in the dry matter and pH values were decreased. Ensiling killed the pathogen Proteus in the majority of the silages tested. The silages had a pleasant aroma and colour, and were consumed by Chios sheep.

INTAKE AND DIGESTIBILITY OF FABABEAN CROP RESIDUE BY SHEEP

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 459-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. O. THORLACIUS ◽  
E. COXWORTH ◽  
D. THOMPSON
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Medium Quality

Voluntary dry matter intake and digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter and energy of fababean crop residue by sheep were greater (P < 0.05) than those of wheat straw, but were not significantly different from those of medium quality alfalfa-brome hay. The results indicated that the nutritive value of fababean crop residue was greater than that of wheat straw.

Effects of source and content of ash in poultry litter used in diets for beef cattle

1998 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. BROSH ◽  
Y. AHARONI ◽  
D. LEVY ◽  
Z. HOLZER
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Maize Grain

Two experiments were carried out in order to study the effect of the ash content of poultry litter (PL) on its nutritional value. In Expt 1, broiler PL was incorporated in the proportions of 30 and 45% into diets based on wheat straw supplemented with 20% maize grain. The PL was either fresh (containing 19% ash) or had been heated in a stack (giving 26% ash). There were also two additional diets containing 45% fresh PL to which either ground limestone or wood ash had been added to provide the same ash content as the diets containing 45% stored, high ash PL. An in vivo digestibility and nitrogen balance trial was carried out. Storing the PL, which resulted in heating and an increase in ash content, reduced dry matter intake significantly. The largest and most significant effect on the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and crude protein can be ascribed to the freshness of the PL. Stored, heated PL had a highly negative effect on crude protein digestibility and on nitrogen retention. No negative effect of adding extrinsic ash was recorded. In Expt 2, the nutritional value of layer PL (LPL), compared with that of broiler PL (BPL), was examined using ten beef cows before and after calving. The diet was composed of 45% PL, 35% wheat straw (WS) and 20% maize grain. Daily dry matter intakes were 12·7 and 16·2 g/kg liveweight (LW) before calving and 15·5 and 22·8 g/kg LW after calving, for cows fed LPL and BPL, respectively. Owing to the combined effect of the lower dry matter intake, lower gross energy content and lower digestibility of LPL, the digestible energy intake of BPL diets was almost three-fold, and nitrogen absorption (g/kg LW0·75) on the BPL was 2·4-fold higher than on the LPL diets. Because the ash intake of both diets was similar, it is suggested that the main inhibiting factor of intake after calving was the rumen's ability to mobilize the large amounts of ash-rich complexes of ash and organic matter to the reticular omasal orifice and, consequently, out of the rumen.

scholarly journals The nutritive value of frosted wheat for sheep

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 205 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. C. Richardson ◽  
A. G. Kaiser ◽  
J. W. Piltz
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Balance Study ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter

The effect of frosting on the nutritive value of wheat grain was determined in a digestibility experiment with sheep. Thirty-six Merino wethers were maintained on diets of lucerne chaff (30%) and whole wheat grain (70%) which was sourced from either severely frosted (SF), lightly frosted (LF) or unfrosted (UF) crops. The experiment was conducted in a repeated balance study with 8 replications per treatment diet for each of the 7 treatment diets, new animals were assigned to the chaff control (treatment diet 8). The diets were offered at the liveweight maintenance level of feeding and the digestibility of the wheat component was calculated by adjusting for the digestibility of the lucerne component. Frosting had a relatively small effect on the nutritive value of wheat grain for sheep. Dry matter digestibility for UF, LF and SF wheats did not differ significantly (0.886, 0.854 and 0.839, respectively), although the SF wheat had a lower digestibility than the UF wheat at P<0.10. The organic matter digestibility, digestible organic matter in the dry matter and estimated metabolisable energy (ME) content were all significantly (P<0.05) lower for SF compared with UF wheat grain (0.856 v. 0.908, 0.859 v. 0.915 and 13.5 v. 14.3 MJ/kg DM respectively). This study demonstrated that wheat from the severely frosted wheat crop had a lower estimated ME content of about 1 MJ/kg DM (equivalent to about 6% less ME) than wheat from the unfrosted crop fed in this study. However, the resultant ME of all samples fed fell within the normal observed ME range for wheat.

The feeding value of mixtures of alkali-treated straw and grass silage

1975 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Terry ◽  
M. C. Spooner ◽  
D. F. Osbourn
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Alkaline Ph ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Acid Ph ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Ad Libitum

SUMMARYThe digestibility and intake by sheep of a neutral mixture of alkali-treated straw and grass silage was compared with an all-silage diet, mixtures of treated straw and silage adjusted to pH of 4 and 10 and with mixtures of untreated straw and silage. Treatment of the straw with alkali increased the digestibility of the organic matter from 46% to 68%. The daily intake of dry matter and digestible organic matter of the neutral, treated-straw/silage mixture was 24·1 and 15·0 compared with 14·7 and 8·8 g/kg live weight for the untreated straw/silage mixture. The sheep when fed ad libitum ate more of the neutral mixture than they did of the mixtures made acid (pH 4·0) and alkaline (pH 10·0) or of the grass silage although the differences were not significant. Calves were fed similar diets of grass silage, a neutral mixture of treated straw and silage and treated straw and grass silage offered without premixing. The calves offered the neutral mixture ate 16·0% more dry matter and 14·5% more organic matter than did the calves offered either silage alone or the unmixed diet and gained live weight at the rate of 0·42 kg/head/day compared with 0·44 for the silage alone and 0·37 for the unmixed diet.

The effect of different levels of sodium hydroxide spray treatment of wheat straw on consumption and digestibility by cattle

1971 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahendra Singh ◽  
M. G. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Alkali Treatment ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Ground Wheat ◽  
Spray Treatment

SummaryA sodium hydroxide spray treatment of wheat straw was evaluated in experiments on twenty male calves. Sodium hydroxide solutions of 0, 3·3, 6·7 and 10% concentration were sprayed on ground wheat straw (Exp. 1) and chaffed wheat straw (Exp. 2) at the rate of 1000 litres per tonne. The straws were not washed. The treated straw was then fortified with groundnut cake, molasses and a mineral supplement. In Exp. 1 rations were prepared in bulk and dried and in Exp. 2 the rations were prepared daily and fed wet. A 1 kg green forage supplement was fed daily to all animals. The dry-matter intake (g/kg body weight0·75), and organic matter digestibility coefficients (%) for the four levels of alkali treatment were 86, 95, 78, 66 and 53, 63, 63 and 62 respectively in Exp. 1 and for Exp. 2 they were 95, 121, 105, 89 and 55, 70, 71 and 71. The intake of digestible organic matter thus increased by 25 and 63% in Exp. 1 and Exp. 2, respectively. Nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus retentions were not adversely affected up to 3·3% alkali treatment in Exp. 2. The effectiveness of this spray treatment in terms of increased nutritive value is compared with that of the older Beckmann method of alkali treatment. Treatment costs are also compared.

scholarly journals Population improvement and synthetic cultivar production in forage kale (Brassica oleracea L.)

Euphytica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 217 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Bradshaw
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Annual Cycle ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
No Reduction ◽  
Optimum Number ◽  
Breeding Method ◽  
Thiocyanate Ion ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Population Improvement ◽  
Field Transplant

AbstractExperimental results are brought together to demonstrate that forage kale population improvement involving full-sib and selfed families can be done on an annual cycle, followed by production of a synthetic cultivar. Furthermore, this new breeding method compares favourably with the two successful methods used to date, namely triple-cross hybrid cultivars from inbreeding and crossbreeding programmes and open-pollinated cultivars from population improvement programmes. The key findings were that natural vernalization of kale in south east Scotland occurred by mid-December so that plants could be pollinated in a glasshouse with heating and lighting by the end of February and seed harvested by the end of May. The resulting full-sib or selfed families could be assessed in a field transplant trial in the same year, from June to November, thus completing an annual cycle. Self-pollination resulted in shorter plants with lower fresh-weight, dry-matter and digestible organic-matter yields, and undesirably higher contents of S-methylcysteine sulphoxide, the haemolytic anaemia factor, and the goitrogenic thiocyanate ion. As a consequence of digestible organic-matter yield being reduced by as much as 22%, the estimated optimum number of selfed parents in a synthetic cultivar was four to eight. Synthetic cultivars are expected to yield as well as triple-cross hybrids as there was no reduction in yield when the latter were open-pollinated.

Intake and digestion of lucerne hay and wheat straw by cattle 14 to 56 weeks of age

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 621 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Organic Matter ◽  
Wet Sieving

Eight Friesian calves, 8 weeks of age, were prepared with rumen and abomasal cannulae. Four calves were given lucerne and four calves were given wheat straw sprayed with urea and minerals. The diets were changed over between the calves every 6 weeks until the calves were 56 weeks of age. The particles in the rumen that passed through a 1 mm screen during wet sieving were 66 to 73% of the total particles in the rumen of calves given lucerne and 77 to 84% of the particles in the rumen of the calves given wheat straw. The digestion of organic matter in the stomach was 71 to 79% of the total organic matter digested in the calves given lucerne. In the calves given wheat straw, between 82 and 95% of the total organic matter digestion occurred in the stomach. The apparent digestion of dry matter in the calves given lucerne was 61-6856 and did not change with age of the calves. The apparent digestion of dry matter when the calves were given wheat straw was 42% at 14 weeks of age, and it increased to 53% at 56 weeks of age. The digestion of nitrogen in the intestine in the heifers given wheat straw increased to 26 weeks of age while that of heifers given lucerne hay decreased.

scholarly journals Diet digestibility and performance of dairy cows supplemented with live yeast

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciene Lignani Bitencourt ◽  
José Ricardo Martins Silva ◽  
Bruno Menezes Lopes de Oliveira ◽  
Gilson Sebastião Dias Júnior ◽  
Fernanda Lopes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Citrus Pulp ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Live Yeast

Dietary yeast supplementation may improve the digestive efficiency of ruminants, but responses depend on the yeast strain and the diet composition. Corn silage and citrus pulp are usual carbohydrate sources for dairy cows in southeast Brazil. This study evaluated the supplementation of dairy cows fedding on corn silage-citrus pulp-based diets with Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-1077 (Lallemand SAS, Toulouse, France). Twenty multiparous, midlactation Holstein cows were assigned to two treatments in crossover design. Treatments were: live yeast on oyster meal capable of supplying a daily minimum of 1 × 10(10) CFU per cow or oyster meal top-dressed at 10 g to the morning meal. Diet contained (% of dry matter): 16.8% crude protein, 30.9% neutral detergent fiber, 43.9% corn silage, 2% tifton hay, 14.4% steam flaked corn, 16.9% citrus pulp and 21.7% soybean meal. Yeast supplementation increased daily yields of milk (29.4 vs. 28.5 kg, p = 0.11), protein (0.939 vs. 0.908 kg, p = 0.05), and lactose (1.294 vs. 1.241 kg, p = 0.06), but did not affect milk fat contents (p = 0.59). Daily dry matter intake was 21.4 with yeast and 20.7 kg for the control (p = 0.11). Total tract apparent digestibility of the neutral detergent fiber was 48.1% with yeast and 43.2% for the control (p = 0.08). There was a trend for increased intake of digestible organic matter with yeast supplementation (p = 0.07). The positive milk protein yield response to yeast supplementation may have resulted from the increased fiber digestibility, but the response mechanism could not be elucidated.

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