A Search for Tonal Pattern Perception in Cebus Monkeys: Why Monkeys Can't Hum a Tune

1988 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. D'Amato
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Average Frequency ◽  
Pattern Perception ◽  
Striking Difference ◽  
Tonal Pattern ◽  
Acoustic Stimuli ◽  
Discriminative Behavior ◽  
Tonal Patterns ◽  
Cebus Monkeys ◽  
Species Specific

This article reviews a series of experiments aimed at assessing the capacity of cebus monkeys and rats for tonal pattern perception (sensitivity to frequency contour). The animals' ability to differentiate between two tunes (structured sequences of tones) that shared several component notes and were similar in their average frequency suggested tonal pattern perception in both species. Detailed analysis of the basis of their discriminative behavior revealed, however, that the latter was completely controlled by local cues. Additional studies confirmed this finding and showed that the cognitive limitation was not, in the case of the monkeys, due to a generally impoverished capacity for processing acoustic stimuli or to an unduly truncated auditory short- term store. Many species of songbirds also seem remarkably deficient in their ability to perceive the tonal patterns of non-species-specific acoustic stimuli, which may be widespread among animals. Some implications of this striking difference in the auditory processing capacities of animals and humans are briefly discussed.

Neuromodulatory Feedback to the Inferior Colliculus

2018 ◽  
pp. 576-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Hurley
Keyword(s):  
Inferior Colliculus ◽  
Auditory System ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Auditory Information ◽  
Situational Variables ◽  
Acoustic Stimuli ◽  
Functionally Diverse ◽  
Behavioral Information

The inferior colliculus (IC) receives prominent projections from centralized neuromodulatory systems. These systems include extra-auditory clusters of cholinergic, dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic neurons. Although these modulatory sites are not explicitly part of the auditory system, they receive projections from primary auditory regions and are responsive to acoustic stimuli. This bidirectional influence suggests the existence of auditory-modulatory feedback loops. A characteristic of neuromodulatory centers is that they integrate inputs from anatomically widespread and functionally diverse sets of brain regions. This connectivity gives neuromodulatory systems the potential to import information into the auditory system on situational variables that accompany acoustic stimuli, such as context, internal state, or experience. Once released, neuromodulators functionally reconfigure auditory circuitry through a variety of receptors expressed by auditory neurons. In addition to shaping ascending auditory information, neuromodulation within the IC influences behaviors that arise subcortically, such as prepulse inhibition of the startle response. Neuromodulatory systems therefore provide a route for integrative behavioral information to access auditory processing from its earliest levels.

Cortical auditory evoked potentials with different acoustic stimuli: Evidence of differences and similarities in coding in auditory processing disorders

2021 ◽  
pp. 110944
Author(s):  
Pamela Papile Lunardelo ◽  
Marisa Tomoe Hebihara Fukuda ◽  
Patricia Aparecida Zuanetti ◽  
Ângela Cristina Pontes-Fernandes ◽  
Marita Iannazzo Ferretti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evoked Potentials ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Auditory Evoked Potentials ◽  
Auditory Processing Disorders ◽  
Acoustic Stimuli ◽  
Cortical Auditory Evoked Potentials

Whitening fossils for photographic purposes

1989 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 342-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodney M. Feldmann
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
False Information ◽  
Tonal Pattern ◽  
Tonal Patterns ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Topographic Relief

The purpose of photographing fossils for study and for publication is to provide information regarding the morphology of the fossil. Typically, this morphology is expressed as topographic relief. Tonal patterns and color rarely serve to enhance the expression of morphology and may, instead, provide false information. As a result, it is desirable typically to eliminate, or reduce, the effects of variations in tonal pattern over the surface to be photographed to emphasize aspects of relief of the specimen and, therefore, actual expressions of morphology. Furthermore, uncoated specimens may be lustrous so that lighting the specimen for photography may produce undesirable highlights. A simple, and non-destructive, technique for whitening fossil specimens involves the application of ammonium chloride sublimate to the surface of the specimen (Figure 1). This coating is non-destructive, produces a uniform, nonlustrous white surface that enhances detail, and can be readily removed without damage to the specimen.

scholarly journals A novel coding mechanism for social vocalizations in the lateral amygdala

2012 ◽  
Vol 107 (4) ◽  
pp. 1047-1057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie A. Gadziola ◽  
Jasmine M. S. Grimsley ◽  
Sharad J. Shanbhag ◽  
Jeffrey J. Wenstrup
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Response Duration ◽  
Spike Rate ◽  
Acoustic Stimuli ◽  
Big Brown Bats ◽  
The Social ◽  
General Functioning ◽  
Persistent Firing ◽  
Duration Information ◽  
Lateral Nucleus

The amygdala plays a central role in evaluating the significance of acoustic signals and coordinating the appropriate behavioral responses. To understand how amygdalar responses modulate auditory processing and drive emotional expression, we assessed how neurons respond to and encode information that is carried within complex acoustic stimuli. We characterized responses of single neurons in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala to social vocalizations and synthetic acoustic stimuli in awake big brown bats. Neurons typically responded to most of the social vocalizations presented (mean = nine of 11 vocalizations) but differentially modulated both firing rate and response duration. Surprisingly, response duration provided substantially more information about vocalizations than did spike rate. In most neurons, variation in response duration depended, in part, on persistent excitatory discharge that extended beyond stimulus duration. Information in persistent firing duration was significantly greater than in spike rate, and the majority of neurons displayed more information in persistent firing, which was more likely to be observed in response to aggressive vocalizations (64%) than appeasement vocalizations (25%), suggesting that persistent firing may relate to the behavioral context of vocalizations. These findings suggest that the amygdala uses a novel coding strategy for discriminating among vocalizations and underscore the importance of persistent firing in the general functioning of the amygdala.

scholarly journals The base of Korean noun paradigms

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youngah Do ◽  
Chiyuki Ito ◽  
Michael Kenstowicz
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Tonal Pattern ◽  
Pattern Change ◽  
Tonal Patterns ◽  
Citation Form ◽  
Stem Shape

This paper reports and analyzes the tonal patterns that emerge in South Kyengsang monosyllabic nouns that exhibit two well-known analogical changes in stem shape, one involving coronal obstruent codas and the other stems with an underlying cluster. By the first change, underlying and orthographic /nach/ ‘face’ inflects as nat̚, nach-ɨl (conservative) or nas-ɨl (innovative); and by the second underlying /talk/ ‘chicken’ inflects as tak̚, talk-ɨl (conservative) or tak-ɨl (innovative). We find that many such nouns with a high-low tonal pattern change to high-high when inflected with the segmentally innovative stem. We propose that this tonal change supports the model of Korean noun paradigms proposed in Albright (2008) and Do (2013) in which the citation form serves as the base for the construction of the suffixed forms. If the base is a neutralization site, then learners select the alternant in which they have the greatest confidence of scoring a correct hit when undoing the neutralization.

scholarly journals Midbrain auditory selectivity to natural sounds

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (9) ◽  
pp. 2508-2513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melville J. Wohlgemuth ◽  
Cynthia F. Moss
Keyword(s):  
Generalized Linear Model ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Natural Sounds ◽  
Acoustic Stimuli ◽  
Big Brown Bat ◽  
Specific Frequency ◽  
Response Profiles ◽  
Single Unit Recordings ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Natural Statistics

This study investigated auditory stimulus selectivity in the midbrain superior colliculus (SC) of the echolocating bat, an animal that relies on hearing to guide its orienting behaviors. Multichannel, single-unit recordings were taken across laminae of the midbrain SC of the awake, passively listening big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus. Species-specific frequency-modulated (FM) echolocation sound sequences with dynamic spectrotemporal features served as acoustic stimuli along with artificial sound sequences matched in bandwidth, amplitude, and duration but differing in spectrotemporal structure. Neurons in dorsal sensory regions of the bat SC responded selectively to elements within the FM sound sequences, whereas neurons in ventral sensorimotor regions showed broad response profiles to natural and artificial stimuli. Moreover, a generalized linear model (GLM) constructed on responses in the dorsal SC to artificial linear FM stimuli failed to predict responses to natural sounds and vice versa, but the GLM produced accurate response predictions in ventral SC neurons. This result suggests that auditory selectivity in the dorsal extent of the bat SC arises through nonlinear mechanisms, which extract species-specific sensory information. Importantly, auditory selectivity appeared only in responses to stimuli containing the natural statistics of acoustic signals used by the bat for spatial orientation—sonar vocalizations—offering support for the hypothesis that sensory selectivity enables rapid species-specific orienting behaviors. The results of this study are the first, to our knowledge, to show auditory spectrotemporal selectivity to natural stimuli in SC neurons and serve to inform a more general understanding of mechanisms guiding sensory selectivity for natural, goal-directed orienting behaviors.

scholarly journals A primate-specific retroviral enhancer wires the XACT lncRNA into the core pluripotency network in human

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Casanova ◽  
Madeleine Moscatelli ◽  
Louis Édouard Chauvière ◽  
Christophe Huret ◽  
Julia Samson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
X Chromosome ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Striking Difference ◽  
X Chromosomes ◽  
Regulatory Pathways ◽  
Active Coating ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
And Function

AbstractTransposable elements (TEs) have been of paramount importance in shaping genomic and epigenomic landscapes of their hosts and in driving the expansion of gene regulatory networks during mammalian evolution. They are found in nearly all long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and have promoted their evolution and function, often in a species- and tissue-specific manner. X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) is an essential process that relies on several TE-enriched lncRNAs. While XCI is conserved across species, one striking difference between human and mouse is the existence of XACT (X active coating transcript), a human-specific lncRNA that coats active X chromosomes in pluripotent cells and may oppose X chromosome silencing in this context. Here, we explore how different families of TEs have contributed to shaping the XACT locus and how they couple its expression to pluripotency in humans. Through a combination of sequence analysis across primates, transcriptional interference and genome editing in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), we identify a critical enhancer for the transcriptional regulation of the XACT locus that evolved from an ancestral group (LTR48B/ERV1) of mammalian endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), prior to the emergence of XACT. Furthermore, we show that this ancient ERV was hijacked by evolutionarily younger hominoid-specific ERVs that gave rise to the promoter of XACT, thus wiring its expression to the pluripotency network. This work illustrates how retroviral-derived sequences may intervene in species-specific regulatory pathways.

Bonobos, chimpanzees and tools: Integrating species-specific psychological biases and socio-ecology

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josep Call
Keyword(s):  
Tool Use ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Striking Difference ◽  
Personality Profiles ◽  
Il Y A ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Species Specific

Over the years there has been some controversy regarding the comparison between chimpanzees and bonobos. Whereas some authors have stressed their differences, others have stressed their similarities. One striking difference between wild chimpanzees and bonobos is tool use, especially in foraging contexts. While several chimpanzee populations possess tool kits formed by multiple tools (and their associated techniques) to exploit embedded resources, bonobos display no such tool specialization. However, studies in the laboratory have shown that bonobos are perfectly capable of using tools. In fact, several studies devoted to investigate the cognitive abilities underlying tool use have failed to detect any substantial differences between the two species. This chapter explores three aspects that could explain the difference between chimpanzees and bonobos in their propensity to use tools in the wild: socio-ecological factors, social versus technical cognition, and personality profiles. Au cours du temps, il y a eu beaucoup de controverse en relation aux comparaisons entres les chimpanzés et les bonobos. Alors que certains auteurs ont stressé les différences entre eux, d’autres ont stressé les similarités. Une grande différence entre les chipmanzés et les bonobos sauvages est l’utilisation des outils, spécialement en butinage. Tandis que plusieurs populations de chimpanzés possèdent des boîtes à outils diverses (et leur techniques respectives) pour exploiter les ressources, les bonobos ne montrent pas une spécialisation pareille. Cependant, les études en laboratoir ont montré que les bonobos sont capables d’utiliser des outils. En faite, plusieurs études des facultés cognitives dans l’utilisation des outils n’ont pas pu détecter de différences substantielles entre les deux espèces. Je vais explorer trois aspects qui pourraient expliquer les différences entre les chimpanzés et les bonobos en ce qui concerne leur tendance naturelle à utiliser les outils: facteurs socio-écologiques, cognition social vs. technique, et profils de personnalité.

scholarly journals Dubbing attitudes through tonal patterns: when tones speak louder than words

2019 ◽  
pp. 135-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofía Sánchez Mompeán
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Target Audience ◽  
Final Outcome ◽  
Speech Analysis ◽  
Oral Discourse ◽  
Analysis Software ◽  
Tonal Pattern ◽  
Back Seat ◽  
Tonal Patterns

This article explores the conveyance of attitudinal content through intonation in dubbed dialogue and presents the findings from an empirical corpus-based analysis. Research-wise, intonation is hitherto an understudied topic in Audiovisual Translation and has generally taken a back seat in dubbing literature. However, its communicative value and attitudinal function in oral discourse cannot be overlooked when interpreting and producing dubbed speech. The possibility of associating a particular tonal pattern with specific attitudes has enabled the comparison between a number of English original and Spanish dubbed intonation phrases via a speech analysis software. The results obtained provide empirical data on the dubbing of the attitudinal content under analysis and account for the main trends that could negatively affect both the quality of the final outcome and the way the dubbed text is received by the target audience.

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