Bonobos, chimpanzees and tools: Integrating species-specific psychological biases and socio-ecology

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josep Call
Keyword(s):  
Tool Use ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Striking Difference ◽  
Personality Profiles ◽  
Il Y A ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Species Specific

Over the years there has been some controversy regarding the comparison between chimpanzees and bonobos. Whereas some authors have stressed their differences, others have stressed their similarities. One striking difference between wild chimpanzees and bonobos is tool use, especially in foraging contexts. While several chimpanzee populations possess tool kits formed by multiple tools (and their associated techniques) to exploit embedded resources, bonobos display no such tool specialization. However, studies in the laboratory have shown that bonobos are perfectly capable of using tools. In fact, several studies devoted to investigate the cognitive abilities underlying tool use have failed to detect any substantial differences between the two species. This chapter explores three aspects that could explain the difference between chimpanzees and bonobos in their propensity to use tools in the wild: socio-ecological factors, social versus technical cognition, and personality profiles. Au cours du temps, il y a eu beaucoup de controverse en relation aux comparaisons entres les chimpanzés et les bonobos. Alors que certains auteurs ont stressé les différences entre eux, d’autres ont stressé les similarités. Une grande différence entre les chipmanzés et les bonobos sauvages est l’utilisation des outils, spécialement en butinage. Tandis que plusieurs populations de chimpanzés possèdent des boîtes à outils diverses (et leur techniques respectives) pour exploiter les ressources, les bonobos ne montrent pas une spécialisation pareille. Cependant, les études en laboratoir ont montré que les bonobos sont capables d’utiliser des outils. En faite, plusieurs études des facultés cognitives dans l’utilisation des outils n’ont pas pu détecter de différences substantielles entre les deux espèces. Je vais explorer trois aspects qui pourraient expliquer les différences entre les chimpanzés et les bonobos en ce qui concerne leur tendance naturelle à utiliser les outils: facteurs socio-écologiques, cognition social vs. technique, et profils de personnalité.

scholarly journals Self-care tooling innovation in a disabled kea (Nestor notabilis)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amalia P. M. Bastos ◽  
Kata Horváth ◽  
Jonathan L. Webb ◽  
Patrick M. Wood ◽  
Alex H. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Self Care ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Specific Behaviour ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

AbstractTooling is associated with complex cognitive abilities, occurring most regularly in large-brained mammals and birds. Among birds, self-care tooling is seemingly rare in the wild, despite several anecdotal reports of this behaviour in captive parrots. Here, we show that Bruce, a disabled parrot lacking his top mandible, deliberately uses pebbles to preen himself. Evidence for this behaviour comes from five lines of evidence: (i) in over 90% of instances where Bruce picked up a pebble, he then used it to preen; (ii) in 95% of instances where Bruce dropped a pebble, he retrieved this pebble, or replaced it, in order to resume preening; (iii) Bruce selected pebbles of a specific size for preening rather than randomly sampling available pebbles in his environment; (iv) no other kea in his environment used pebbles for preening; and (v) when other individuals did interact with stones, they used stones of different sizes to those Bruce preened with. Our study provides novel and empirical evidence for deliberate self-care tooling in a bird species where tooling is not a species-specific behaviour. It also supports claims that tooling can be innovated based on ecological necessity by species with sufficiently domain-general cognition.

scholarly journals Monitoring Behaviour in African Elephants during Introduction into a New Group: Differences between Related and Unrelated Animals

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2990
Author(s):  
Franziska Hörner ◽  
Ann-Kathrin Oerke ◽  
Dennis W. H. Müller ◽  
Uta Westerhüs ◽  
Idu Azogu-Sepe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Agonistic Behaviour ◽  
African Elephants ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
A Minor ◽  
First Contact ◽  
First Time

The introduction of elephants into new groups is necessary for breeding programmes. However, behavioural studies on the reactions of these animals at first encounters are missing. In the present study, female African elephants (Loxodonta africana) living in zoos were observed during unifications with unfamiliar elephants (introduction of two to one females and one to two females; n = 6) and reunifications with related elephants (two mother–daughter-pairs; n = 4) that were separated for 2 and 12 years, respectively. First encounters of the elephants were observed and recorded by scan sampling. The parameters measured were (a) signs of the characteristic Greeting Ceremony, (b) distance to the fence separating the elephants during first contact, and (c) time until trunks touched for the first time. The data were statistically analysed with SPSS. The results showed that related elephants performed a full Greeting Ceremony on reunifications. Unrelated elephants only expressed a minor greeting. During first encounters, related elephants predominantly showed affiliative behaviour (p = 0.001), whilst unrelated elephants expressed more agonistic behaviour (p = 0.001). The distance to the fence was significantly smaller for related elephants than for unrelated elephants (p = 0.038). first contact of trunks occurred on average after 3.00 s. in related elephants and 1026.25 s. in unrelated elephants. These findings indicate that related elephants recognise their kin after up to 12 years of separation, meet them with a full Greeting Ceremony during reunification, and seek contact to the related elephant, while unrelated elephants are hesitant during unifications with unfamiliar elephants and express more agonistic behaviour. The results testify that zoo elephants show the same species-specific social behaviour as their conspecifics in the wild. It also confirms the cognitive abilities of elephants and the significance of matrilines for breeding programmes.

scholarly journals Notes on ecology of wild goffin’s cockatoo in the late dry season with emphasis on feeding ecology

TREUBIA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 85-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Berenika Monika Mioduszewska ◽  
Mark Christopher O’Hara ◽  
Tri Haryoko ◽  
Alice Marie Isabel Auersperg ◽  
Ludwig Huber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Feeding Ecology ◽  
Tool Use ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Breeding Behavior ◽  
Flexible Tool ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Respective Species

Experimental work on captive Goffin’s cockatoos (Cacatua goffiniana) has highlighted the remarkable cognitive abilities of this species. However, little is known about its behavior in the natural habitat on the Tanimbar Archipelago in Indonesia. In order to fully understand the evolutionary roots leading to cognitively advanced skills, such as multi-step problem solving or flexible tool use and manufacture, it is crucial to study the ecological challenges faced by the respective species in the wild. The three-month expedition presented here aimed at gaining first insights into the cockatoos’ feeding ecology and breeding behavior. We could confirm previous predictions that Goffin’s cockatoos are opportunistic foragers and consume a variety of resources (seeds, fruit, inflorescence, roots). Their breeding season may be estimated to start between June and early July and they face potential predation from ground and aerial predators. Additionally, the observational data provide indications that Goffin’s cockatoos are extractive foragers, which together with relying on multiple food sources might be considered a prerequisite of tool use.

Studi Eksegetis Yohanes 1:1-18 Sebagai Apologetik Terhadap Kristologi Saksi Yehuwa

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-41
Author(s):  
Pangeran Manurung
Keyword(s):  
Striking Difference ◽  
Human Being ◽  
John 1 ◽  
Jehovah’S Witnesses ◽  
Jehovah's Witnesses ◽  
Jehovah's Witness ◽  
Search Results ◽  
The Bible ◽  
God The Father ◽  
The Difference

Eksegesa John 1 : 1-18 shows that the Jehovah's Witness teachings deviate from the truth of the Bible and dangerous for Christians . The danger Christology of Jehovah's Witnesses should be bringing us to the prudence and discretion to reject it . It can be said that Jehovah's Witnesses do not include Christianity in accordance with the search results against their teachings . first ; they do not recognize the Bible that has been issued by the Indonesian National Bible Institute and consider if the Bible has too much harm to use their own New Translation of the Holy Scriptures that have been proven not a translation , but just a collection of interpretations and teachings of their leader alone . second ; Jehovah's Witnesses do not acknowledge Jesus as Lord and Savior only . They simply believe that salvation is obtained through belief in Jehovah and his kingdom and perform service message and follow the trial associations .                Before errors interfere Christology Christology of Jehovah's Witnesses Bible , please note that the topic of Christology is the difference between Christianity and other religions . This discussion has also become one of the topics that face many attacks from the outside or from within Christianity , either in the form of religion , philosophy , and ideology . The debate on this topic appeared since the beginning of Christianity , and give rise to a long and complex debate for nearly three centuries ( 300 years ) !! . Such debates will continue to exist throughout the period and just a rehash issues that had once appeared . And Christians should study the various debates and views of the ever emerging that are not easily fooled by the views back to this era .Eksegesa John 1 : 1-18 has been done and produce a biblical Christology and biblical correct . The truth is not in doubt because of the analysis conducted in accordance with the procedures and rules that apply in general . Now if Christology Christology of John compared with Jehovah's Witnesses, it will show a striking difference . Once observed , Christology Witnesses builds upon the interpretation of individuals who previously have had a negative Christological doctrine .                Conclusion those who think that Jesus is the firstborn of Creation ; Jesus was a human being ; Jesus is God in creating a peer ; Jesus lower than God , Jesus is the Angel Gabriel , and other Christological doctrine which basically degrading nature of Christ is a form of insult to the majesty of Christ . The Bible clearly and emphatically teaches that Christ is God incarnate , private alpha and omega , the creator of all that exists , and the equivalent of God the Father . Summing Christ as superior human or clear eldest creation is false teachings . The followers of Jehovah's Witnesses must repent. Amen

scholarly journals Group size and aquatic vegetation modulates male preferences for female shoals in wild zebrafish, Danio rerio

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditya Ghoshal ◽  
Anuradha Bhat
Keyword(s):  
Group Size ◽  
Aquatic Vegetation ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Female Group ◽  
Aquatic Flora ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
The Individual

AbstractShoaling decisions in the wild are determined by a combination of innate preferences of the individual along with the interplay of multiple ecological factors. In their natural habitat as well as in the laboratory, zebrafish is a shoaling fish. Here, we investigate the role of group size and associated vegetation in shaping shoaling preferences of wild male zebrafish. We studied the association preference of males to groups of female shoals in a multi-choice test design. We found that males made greater proportion of visits to an 8-female group compared to 2 and 4-female groups. However, males spent similar proportions of time across the three female-containing groups. When artificial vegetation was incorporated along with female number as an additional factor, we found that males prefer high and moderately vegetated patches compared to low or no-vegetation groups, irrespective of the number of females in these patches. Based on experiments using a novel multi-choice design, our results show that preference for group size can change due to interaction of two separate factors. This work is a first attempt to understand the role of aquatic flora in determining shoaling preferences in zebrafish, using an experimental paradigm consisting of a gradation in female and vegetation densities.

scholarly journals RpoS-Dependent Stress Response and Exoenzyme Production in Vibrio vulnificus

2003 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 6114-6120 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hülsmann ◽  
T. M. Rosche ◽  
I.-S. Kong ◽  
H. M. Hassan ◽  
D. M. Beam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Mutant Strain ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Vibrio Vulnificus ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Striking Difference ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Hydrolytic Activities ◽  
In The Wild

ABSTRACT Vibrio vulnificus is an estuarine bacterium capable of causing rapidly fatal infections through both ingestion and wound infection. Like other opportunistic pathogens, V. vulnificus must adapt to potentially stressful environmental changes while living freely in seawater, upon colonization of the oyster gut, and upon infection of such diverse hosts as humans and eels. In order to begin to understand the ability of V. vulnificus to respond to such stresses, we examined the role of the alternate sigma factor RpoS, which is important in stress response and virulence in many pathogens. An rpoS mutant of V. vulnificus strain C7184o was constructed by homologous recombination. The mutant strain exhibited a decreased ability to survive diverse environmental stresses, including exposure to hydrogen peroxide, hyperosmolarity, and acidic conditions. The most striking difference was a high sensitivity of the mutant to hydrogen peroxide. Albuminase, caseinase, and elastase activity were detected in the wild type but not in the mutant strain, and an additional two hydrolytic activities (collagenase and gelatinase) were reduced in the mutant strain compared to the wild type. Additionally, the motility of the rpoS mutant was severely diminished. Overall, these studies suggest that rpoS in V. vulnificus is important for adaptation to environmental changes and may have a role in virulence.

scholarly journals Numerical assessment in the wild: insights from social carnivores

2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1740) ◽  
pp. 20160508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Benson-Amram ◽  
Geoff Gilfillan ◽  
Karen McComb
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Playback Experiments ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Numerical Assessment ◽  
Individual Discrimination ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Assessment Skills ◽  
In The Wild

Playback experiments have proved to be a useful tool to investigate the extent to which wild animals understand numerical concepts and the factors that play into their decisions to respond to different numbers of vocalizing conspecifics. In particular, playback experiments have broadened our understanding of the cognitive abilities of historically understudied species that are challenging to test in the traditional laboratory, such as members of the Order Carnivora. Additionally, playback experiments allow us to assess the importance of numerical information versus other ecologically important variables when animals are making adaptive decisions in their natural habitats. Here, we begin by reviewing what we know about quantity discrimination in carnivores from studies conducted in captivity. We then review a series of playback experiments conducted with wild social carnivores, including African lions, spotted hyenas and wolves, which demonstrate that these animals can assess the number of conspecifics calling and respond based on numerical advantage. We discuss how the wild studies complement those conducted in captivity and allow us to gain insights into why wild animals may not always respond based solely on differences in quantity. We then consider the key roles that individual discrimination and cross-modal recognition play in the ability of animals to assess the number of conspecifics vocalizing nearby. Finally, we explore new directions for future research in this area, highlighting in particular the need for further work on the cognitive basis of numerical assessment skills and experimental paradigms that can be effective in both captive and wild settings. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The origins of numerical abilities’.

scholarly journals A Bird's-Eye View: Core Knowledge in Wild North Island Robins of New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Alexis Garland
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Psychological Theory ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Core Knowledge ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Evolutionary Context ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
And Mathematics

<p>A prominent psychological theory on early cognitive development is Spelke’s Core Knowledge (CK) hypothesis (Spelke, Breinlinger, Macomber, & Jacobson, 1992), which posits that human infants, and possibly other species, are guided by innate understandings of how object movements, classification and quantification are governed by physical laws and, further, how agents are capable of perceptions and purposive action. CK is a set of cognitive building blocks, which serve as the foundation for more complex cognition such as acquisition and use of symbol systems pertaining to language and mathematics (Spelke, 2000). Evidence points to four core systems of knowledge: representation of number, object, space (or geometry) and agency. Investigation of spontaneous CK in nonhuman species in the wild is fundamental to understanding the ecological validity and evolutionary context for a set of systems that is proposed to be universally embedded. The bold, inquisitive manner, naïve fearlessness and unique insect caching behaviour of wild North Island robins (Petroica longipes) presents a unique opportunity to identify and characterise CK in a new model system. Six studies were conducted with the aim of investigating core developmental cognition in robins. The first three studies focused on perception of numerical quantity. Study 1 investigated the ability to discriminate between both large and small quantities, finding that robins successfully discriminate between unusually large quantities independent of ratio. Study 2 explored quantity discrimination in which summation of items is spatially distributed across an array, and found that while robins perform successfully with small numbers, the task presented substantially more cognitive demand. Study 3 measured robins’ reactions to computation by presenting simple addition and subtraction problems in a Violation of Expectancy (VoE) paradigm, finding that robins search longer when presented with a mathematically incongruent scenario. The last three studies focused on perception of agency. Study 4 investigated robins’ response to gaze direction in humans in a competitive paradigm, and found that they were sensitive to human gaze direction in all conditions but one. Study 5 explored perception of physical capability in humans, and results indicated that limb visibility significantly influences pilfering choice. Study 6 examined robins’ perception of animacy in prey, finding that in a VoE paradigm, robins’ expectation of hidden prey continuity varies depending on mobility and animacy. Taken together, the results of these six studies suggest that while supportive of fundamental characteristics defining basic Core Knowledge in many ways, some unique results in the cognitive abilities of this biologically naïve species shed new light on our growing understanding of the shared basis of cognition. A deeper look at avian performance in core developmental tasks, especially in a naïve wild population, can offer new insights into sweeping evolutionary theories that underpin basic cognitive mechanisms.</p>

scholarly journals Orchid Reintroduction Based on Seed Germination-Promoting Mycorrhizal Fungi Derived From Protocorms or Seedlings

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Da-Ke Zhao ◽  
Marc-André Selosse ◽  
Limin Wu ◽  
Yan Luo ◽  
Shi-Cheng Shao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Practical Procedure ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Orchid Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Ecological Specificity

Orchids are among the most endangered in the plant kingdom. Lack of endosperm in their seeds renders orchids to depend on nutrients provided by orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) for seed germination and seedling formation in the wild. OMF that parasitize in germination seeds is an essential element for orchid seedling formation, which can also help orchid reintroduction. Considering the limitations of the previous orchid reintroduction technology based on seed germination-promoting OMF (sgOMF) sourced from orchid roots, an innovative approach is proposed here in which orchid seeds are directly co-sown with sgOMF carrying ecological specificity from protocorms/seedlings. Based on this principle, an integrative and practical procedure concerning related ecological factors is further raised for re-constructing long-term and self-sustained orchid populations. We believe that this new approach will benefit the reintroduction of endangered orchids in nature.

scholarly journals Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection among primigravida, in Karnataka

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 5448
Author(s):  
Vani Srinivas ◽  
T. L. N. Prasad ◽  
Rajesh T. Patil ◽  
Sunil D. Khaparde
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
General Population ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Striking Difference ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Difference

Background: Karnataka is one of the six high human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalent states in India. We estimated prevalence among primigravida attending antenatal clinics in Karnataka, assuming this as a proxy for HIV incidence level in the general population.Methods: We tried estimating prevalence among primigravida using cross sectional samples. Data was collected in structured data extraction sheet for the month of September 2011, from all Integrated and Counselling tested Centres (ICTCs) of Karnataka. All the pregnant women were tested as per national protocol. We analysed the basic demographic data, geographical distribution including HIV status of spouse of primigravida.Results: In September 2011, 87580, pregnant women were tested and 238 (0.26%) were found HIV positive of which, 95 (40%) were primigravida. Prevalence among primigravida, was 0.3%. The prevalence among primigravida was highest in Bagalkot (1.6%) district. In Yadgir, Kodagu and Udupi the prevalence was zero. The high prevalent blocks were Jamakhandi, Mudhol, Gokak, Hospet and Muddebihal. 73.7% spouse of positive primigravida were tested for HIV and among those tested, 87.1% were found HIV positive.Conclusions: There is striking difference in the prevalence of HIV among primigravida in different districts of Karnataka probably indicates the difference in effectiveness of preventive interventions in these districts and within blocks. The preventive programs should be reached out to the labourer's and farmers in the general population to prevent the new infections in the general population.

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