Trends in Shellfish Sanitation

1938 ◽  
Vol 53 (18) ◽  
pp. 720
Author(s):  
H. N. Old
Keyword(s):  
Shellfish Sanitation

Effects of Flash Freezing, Followed by Frozen Storage, on Reducing Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Pacific Raw Oysters (Crassostrea gigas)

2009 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 174-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHENGCHU LIU ◽  
JIANZHANG LU ◽  
YI-CHENG SU
Keyword(s):  
Crassostrea Gigas ◽  
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽  
Vibrio Vulnificus ◽  
Frozen Storage ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Freezing Process ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Pacific Oysters ◽  
Subsequent Storage ◽  
Shellfish Sanitation

This study investigated the effects of flash freezing, followed by frozen storage, on reducing Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Pacific raw oysters. Raw Pacific oysters were inoculated with a five-strain cocktail of V. parahaemolyticus at a total level of approximately 3.5 × 105 most probable number (MPN) per gram. Inoculated oysters were subjected to an ultralow flash-freezing process (−95.5°C for 12 min) and stored at −10, −20, and −30°C for 6 months. Populations of V. parahaemolyticus in the oysters declined slightly by 0.22 log MPN/g after the freezing process. Subsequent storage of frozen oysters at −10, −20, and −30°C resulted in considerable reductions of V. parahaemolyticus in the oysters. Storing oysters at −10°C was more effective in inactivating V. parahaemolyticus than was storage at −20 or −30°C. Populations of V. parahaemolyticus in the oysters declined by 2.45, 1.71, and 1.45 log MPN/g after 1 month of storage at −10, −20, and −30°C, respectively, and continued to decline during the storage. The levels of V. parahaemolyticus in oysters were reduced by 4.55, 4.13, and 2.53 log MPN/g after 6 months of storage at −10, −20, and −30°C, respectively. Three process validations, each separated by 1 week and conducted according to the National Shellfish Sanitation Program's postharvest processing validation–verification interim guidance for Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, confirmed that a process of flash freezing, followed by storage at −21 ± 2°C for 5 months, was capable of achieving greater than 3.52-log (MPN/g) reductions of V. parahaemolyticus in half-shell Pacific oysters.

Microbiological Criteria for Raw Molluscan Shellfish

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 463-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Product Distribution ◽  
Rapid Cool ◽  
Shared Responsibility ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Wholesale Market ◽  
Water Classification ◽  
Microbiological Criteria ◽  
Shellfish Sanitation

The recommendations are designed to enhance the microbiological safety profile of raw molluscan shellfish which are likely to present inherent risks to consumers if adequate safeguards are not in place from harvest to consumption. Further, the document examines the “wholesale market standard” currently applied by the Interstate Shellfish Sanitation Conference (ISSC). Product testing alone is of limited value in assuring the safety of molluscan shellfish. For a market standard to be useful, it must be used as one of several control strategies. The recommendations are as follows:* Proper growing water classification and restriction of harvesting to those water areas are two of the most essential points in controlling both enteric pathogens of human origin and indigenous vibrios in molluscan shellfish. Without proper water classification and harvesting, any market standard applied would have a minimal effect on consumer protection.* Time/temperature control and monitoring during product distribution are essential to assure safety. Rapid cool down and continuous product chilling are also essential. When various combinations of warm harvest water and air temperatures exist, harvest requirements necessitating additional measures to assure rapid chilling should be implemented. In instances where this cannot be accomplished within a prescribed time, area closure may be necessary.* Minimize the introduction and multiplication of bacteria in molluscan shellfish during distribution through adequate sanitation and refrigeration requirements.* The Food and Drug Administration should develop a specific interpretation of the retail model code for HACCP-based control of raw molluscan shellfish to include purchase specification of properly tagged and refrigerated product.* The ISSC should incorporate the recommendations contained in this report into a revised National Shellfish Sanitation Program (NSSP) Manual of Operations and reissue the document as the Shellfish Sanitation Model Ordinance for adoption into state law. Further, the current “wholesale market standard” should be changed to include a modified aerobic plate count procedure which encourages the growth of Vibrio spp.* Fecal coliform/Escherichia coli should be retained as a guideline until state regulatory agencies are provided adequate assurance that all products have been harvested from properly classified growing waters. In the future, additional criteria may be appropriate if the National Indicator Study proposes changes in water classification standards.* The NSSP Manual should be expanded to include strict control measures from harvest through retail distribution.* Education programs can contribute to reducing risks associated with the consumption of raw molluscan shellfish. This is a shared responsibility of government and industry. These recommendations were adopted by the National Advisory Committee on Microbiological Criteria for Foods on July 18, 1991.

scholarly journals Watershed-Based Planning for Murrells Inlet: Source Assessment of Fecal Bacteria Using Volunteer and Shellfish Sanitation Program Data

2015 ◽  
pp. 34-54
Author(s):  
Susan Libes ◽  
Heather Young ◽  
Daniel Newquist ◽  
Sue Sledz
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Tidal Creek ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Northern Coast ◽  
Pet Waste ◽  
Outreach Education ◽  
Shellfish Sanitation ◽  
Program Data ◽  
Existing Data

A watershed-based plan was recently developed for Murrells Inlet, a moderately tidal, euhaline estuary located on the northern coast of South Carolina. One of the goals of this planning effort was to collate and analyze existing data to refine assessments of the sources of fecal coliform detected by SC DHEC’s shellfish monitoring program. Coastal Carolina University’s Waccamaw Watershed Academy (WWA) was engaged to lead this data analysis effort. The most important sources identified were urbanized wildlife and canines. Results from the data analyses were used to prioritize subwatersheds for remediation. This has led to proposed strategies that focus on interception and treatment of stormwater runoff as well as volume reduction, dredging of tidal creek sediments, and outreach education for pet waste control.

scholarly journals Natural Enterovirus and Fecal Coliform Contamination of Gulf Coast Oysters

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. ELLENDER ◽  
J. B. MAPP ◽  
B. L. MIDDLEBROOKS ◽  
D. W. COOK ◽  
E. W. CAKE
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Shellfish Sanitation ◽  
Echovirus Type ◽  
Virus Isolates ◽  
Viral Isolates

The numbers of fecal coliforms and enteroviruses present in oysters and/or their growing waters of two Mississippi reefs were determined over a 12-month period. Bacterial and viral levels reflected the classification of the waters at each location as set by the Mississippi State Board of Health in compliance with the National Shellfish Sanitation Program, but statistically significant correlations between these levels were not observed. Twelve viral isolates were found at an approved oyster harvesting location, eight of which were identified as poliovirus type 1. At the prohibited site, 146 viruses were isolated including poliovirus types 1 and 2, echovirus type 24 and several isolates which remain to be identified. The number of virus isolates from samples from each location represented approximately 35% of the number of plaques observed; however, no consistent ratio of plaque to confirmed virus was demonstrated. The results suggest that the fecal coliform levels in oyster growing waters do not reflect the level of virus contaminaton in either approved or prohibited waters.

Mermaid: A Shellfish Sanitation Model Providing Additional Metrics for the Classification of Shellfish Growing Areas of Virginia (USA), Managed by the Direct Rule Method

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 825-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred S. Conte ◽  
Abbas Ahmadi
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
System Diagnosis ◽  
Upper Limits ◽  
Rule Method ◽  
Virginia Department ◽  
Shellfish Sanitation

Abstract. The Virginia Department of Shellfish Sanitation (VDSS) manages shellfish growing areas using the Direct Rule method, by directly comparing the Geometric Mean and Estimated 90th Percentile of fecal coliform concentrations to the U.S. National Shellfish Sanitation Program (NSSP) standard. The agency closes the area to harvest if fecal coliform concentrations exceed the NSSP limit and the area is not reopened until concentrations fall below the NSSP limit. The VDSS originally used the NSSP 3-Tube test (14/49 Standard), and transitioned to the NSSP Membrane Filtration Test (MFT, 14/31 Standard) in August 2007. In this article we focus on a VDSS 13-plus year dataset of fecal coliform concentrations from 127,320 water samples collected from 2,193 sampling stations in 103 shellfish growing areas located in Virginia’s state waters. Our goal is to introduce a new shellfish sanitation model, Mermaid, which provides additional metrics to the NSSP statistical procedures for managing shellfish growing areas under the Direct Rule method, using calculated datasets, with uniform and mixed samples. We also examine if the additional metrics, which are based on the upper limits of Estimated 90th Percentile values of fecal coliform concentrations, increase the health safety of harvested shellfish managed under the Direct Rule method. Keywords: Aquaculture, Computer software, Decision support system, Diagnosis, Fecal coliform, Sanitation model, Shellfish harvesting

Étude de la contamination microbienne des myes (Mya arenaria) de la rive nord de l'estuaire maritime du fleuve Saint-Laurent (Québec, Canada)

2006 ◽  
Vol 52 (10) ◽  
pp. 984-991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benoît Lévesque ◽  
Fabien Gagnon ◽  
Alexandra Valentin ◽  
Jacques-François Cartier ◽  
Pierre Chevalier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Estuary ◽  
Mya Arenaria ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Indicator Microorganisms ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The North ◽  
Detection Frequency ◽  
Shellfish Sanitation

The aims of the present study were to assess the microbial quality of Mya arenaria clams from the north shore of the St. Lawrence River estuary and to validate various microbial indicator microorganisms of bivalve mollusks contamination. Clams were collected from nine sites, including four harvesting sites closed by virtue of the Canadian Shellfish Sanitation Program (CSSP). Six contamination indicators (fecal coliforms, somatic coliphages, F-specific coliphages, fecal streptococci, Clostridium perfringens, and Escherichia coli) and four pathogens (Campylobacter sp., Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia sp., and Salmonella sp.) were identified in the clams. Indicators sensibility, specificity and predictive values with respect to the presence of pathogens were calculated. Pathogenic microorganisms detection frequency in clams was important (92%). Globally, pathogens tend to be less frequently detected in opened harvesting sites (p = 0.086). Although the assessed indicators were not perfect, when F-specific coliphages are associated with E. coli or fecal coliforms, a good sensibility (62%–64%) and good positive predictive value (88%) with respect to the investigated pathogens are obtained.Key words: mollusks, coliforms, Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Campylobacter.[Journal translation]

Non-O1 Vibrio cholerae in Shellfish, Sediment and Waters of the U.S. Gulf Coast

1983 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 802-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. DePAOLA ◽  
M. W. PRESNELL ◽  
M. L. MOTES ◽  
R. M. McPHEARSON ◽  
R. M. TWEDT ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Adrenal Cell ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
Shellfish Sanitation ◽  
The U.S

In a study conducted throughout U.S. Gulf Coastal waters, Vibrio cholerae non-O1 was isolated more frequently from water samples than from shellfish or sediment samples. Frequency of V. cholerae recovery was directly related to water temperature and inversely related to salinity. The presence of V. cholerae was not adequately indicated by the fecal coliform standards for shellfish-growing waters and market shellfish as established by the National Shellfish Sanitation Program. Although all cultures tested by the Y-1 mouse adrenal cell assay or by radioimmunoassay for production of a cholera toxin-like toxin were negative, 4 of 13 isolates caused diarrhea in the infant rabbit.

Effect of Cooling Rates and Temperatures on Quality and Safety of Quahog Clams (Mercenaria mercenaria)

2014 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
pp. 843-848
Author(s):  
LINDA ANKENMAN GRANATA ◽  
DIANNE WALL BOURNE ◽  
GEORGE J. FLICK ◽  
MICHAEL PEIRSON ◽  
TARA RILEY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Storage Period ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Shell Shock ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
Shellfish Sanitation ◽  
Term Storage

The model ordinance in the National Shellfish Sanitation Program's Guide for the Control of Molluscan Shellfish was initially established for oysters; however, the clam industry also follows the protocol. Rapid cooling during periods when the growing waters exceed 80°F (26.7°C) results in cold shock, which causes unacceptable mortalities in clams. The clam industry was looking for a procedure to lower the clams to the standard temperature while minimizing shell shock mortalities during the warm summer months. Three tempering treatments were examined, and total aerobic plate counts (APCs) and most-probable-number (MPN) counts of Vibrio, V. parahaemolyticus, and fecal coliforms were enumerated. In treatment 1 (control), clams were harvested, held for 5 h at 90°F (32.2°C), and then moved to 45°F (7.2°C) for storage. In treatment 2, clams were harvested and held for 5 h at 90°F (32.2°C), followed by 12 h at 65°F (18.3°C) and 12 h at 55°F (12.8°C), and then were moved to 45°F (7.2°C) for long-term storage. In treatment 3, clams were harvested and held for 5 h at 90°F (32.2°C), followed by 24 h at 55°F (12.8°C) before being moved to 45°F (7.2°C) for long-term storage. Three replicate trials were performed with triplicate analyses during late June through early to mid-August. The current National Shellfish Sanitation Program standard is treatment 1; it contained statistically (P ≤ 0.05) higher total APCs than treatments 2 and 3 throughout the 21-day storage period. APCs ranged from 2.3 ×104 immediately after harvest to 2.7 ×106, 1.6 ×105, and 4.8 ×105 for treatments 1, 2, and 3, respectively, after 14 days of storage. A statistical analysis showed that treatments 2 and 3 had significantly lower total MPN per gram Vibrio than treatment 1 on day 7 but were equal to treatment 1 on days 1 and 14. MPN per gram for V. parahaemolyticus was statistically lower in treatments 2 and 3 than in treatment 1 on storage days 1 and 7. However, on day 14, treatment 3 was significantly lower than treatments 1 and 2. There was no statistical difference for fecal coliforms. The greatest mortality occurred in treatment 1 (87.4%), followed by treatment 2 (83.3%) and treatment 3 (66.0%). The outcome of this research clearly shows that treatments 2 and 3 can cool clams to a temperature of 45°F (7.2°C) without compromising quality or safety and can reduce the number of dead clams introduced into the marketplace.

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