scholarly journals Natural Enterovirus and Fecal Coliform Contamination of Gulf Coast Oysters

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. ELLENDER ◽  
J. B. MAPP ◽  
B. L. MIDDLEBROOKS ◽  
D. W. COOK ◽  
E. W. CAKE
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Shellfish Sanitation ◽  
Echovirus Type ◽  
Virus Isolates ◽  
Viral Isolates

The numbers of fecal coliforms and enteroviruses present in oysters and/or their growing waters of two Mississippi reefs were determined over a 12-month period. Bacterial and viral levels reflected the classification of the waters at each location as set by the Mississippi State Board of Health in compliance with the National Shellfish Sanitation Program, but statistically significant correlations between these levels were not observed. Twelve viral isolates were found at an approved oyster harvesting location, eight of which were identified as poliovirus type 1. At the prohibited site, 146 viruses were isolated including poliovirus types 1 and 2, echovirus type 24 and several isolates which remain to be identified. The number of virus isolates from samples from each location represented approximately 35% of the number of plaques observed; however, no consistent ratio of plaque to confirmed virus was demonstrated. The results suggest that the fecal coliform levels in oyster growing waters do not reflect the level of virus contaminaton in either approved or prohibited waters.

Evaluation of Methods for Extraction of Enteric Virus from Louisiana Oysters

1986 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 592-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARY TOWNSEND COLE ◽  
MARILYN B. KILGEN ◽  
CAMERON R. HACKNEY
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
Recovery Rates ◽  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Final Volume ◽  
Percent Recovery ◽  
Evaluation Of Methods

Six techniques were evaluated for recovery of poliovirus from Louisiana oysters. The methods were compared for percent recovery rates, toxicity, ease of extraction, bacterial contamination, and final volume of oyster concentrate. Oyster samples were contaminated with 30–40 plaque forming units of Poliovirus type 1 and processed by six variations of adsorption-elution-precipitation and elution-precipitation methods. The method developed by Ellender et al. (Natural enterovirus and fecal coliform contamination of gulf coast oysters. J. Food Prot. 43:105–110) was judged to be the preferred method for gulf coast oysters.

Sensitivity of poliovirus type 1 and echovirus type 1 to different groups of chemical biocides

2009 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sauerbrei ◽  
W. Eschrich ◽  
A. Brandstädt ◽  
P. Wutzler
Keyword(s):  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Echovirus Type

Removal of Viruses from Tapwater by Fiberglass Filters Modified with a Combination of Cationic Polymers

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 93-98
Author(s):  
D. R. Preston ◽  
S. R. Farrah ◽  
G. Bitton
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Cationic Polymer ◽  
Cationic Polymers ◽  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Echovirus Type

This paper describes the development of an inexpensive electropositive filter capable of adsorbing enteroviruses from waters at pH 5 to 9. We have previously reported that electronegative microporous filters composed of epoxy-fiberglass (Filterite) treated with the cationic polymers polyethylenimine (PEI) and Nalco 7111 cationic polymer (Nalco) were found to adsorb a greater percentage of enteroviruses and indigenous bacteriophages from water than untreated filters (Preston etal. 1988). However, no single polymer treated filter was capable of adsorbing poliovirus type 1 from buffer pH 5, 7, and 9. When PEI and Nalco 7111 cationic polymer treated filters were combined as a series of different filters or on the same filter, Poliovirus-1 was subsequently removed from buffer at pH 5, 7, and 9. Filterite filters modified with a combination of PEI and Nalco polymers were found to adsorb echovirus type 1, echovirus type 5, coxsackievirus type B5, and poliovirus type 1 from tap water at least as well as Virasorb 1-MDS microporous filters.

Mermaid: A Shellfish Sanitation Model Providing Additional Metrics for the Classification of Shellfish Growing Areas of Virginia (USA), Managed by the Direct Rule Method

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 825-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred S. Conte ◽  
Abbas Ahmadi
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
System Diagnosis ◽  
Upper Limits ◽  
Rule Method ◽  
Virginia Department ◽  
Shellfish Sanitation

Abstract. The Virginia Department of Shellfish Sanitation (VDSS) manages shellfish growing areas using the Direct Rule method, by directly comparing the Geometric Mean and Estimated 90th Percentile of fecal coliform concentrations to the U.S. National Shellfish Sanitation Program (NSSP) standard. The agency closes the area to harvest if fecal coliform concentrations exceed the NSSP limit and the area is not reopened until concentrations fall below the NSSP limit. The VDSS originally used the NSSP 3-Tube test (14/49 Standard), and transitioned to the NSSP Membrane Filtration Test (MFT, 14/31 Standard) in August 2007. In this article we focus on a VDSS 13-plus year dataset of fecal coliform concentrations from 127,320 water samples collected from 2,193 sampling stations in 103 shellfish growing areas located in Virginia’s state waters. Our goal is to introduce a new shellfish sanitation model, Mermaid, which provides additional metrics to the NSSP statistical procedures for managing shellfish growing areas under the Direct Rule method, using calculated datasets, with uniform and mixed samples. We also examine if the additional metrics, which are based on the upper limits of Estimated 90th Percentile values of fecal coliform concentrations, increase the health safety of harvested shellfish managed under the Direct Rule method. Keywords: Aquaculture, Computer software, Decision support system, Diagnosis, Fecal coliform, Sanitation model, Shellfish harvesting

Serological cross-reactivity within the picornaviruses as studied by electron microscopy

1971 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Chaudhary ◽  
D. A. Kennedy ◽  
J. C. N. Westwood
Keyword(s):  
Adenovirus Type ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Antigenic Relationship ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Microscopic Method ◽  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Echovirus Type ◽  
Electron Microscopic Method

A sensitive electron microscopic method has been developed to determine the antigenic relationship within the picornavirus group. Negatively stained mixtures of antigens (poliovirus type 1 and 3, echovirus type 9, and coxsackievirus type A9) and antibodies (poliovirus type 3 and echovirus type 9 antisera) were examined under the electron microscope. The results showed clumping of homologous and heterologous viruses with both antisera, which was considered as evidence of cross-reaction. The controls showed no clumping or attachment of antibody molecules. The significance of clumping was tested by treating adenovirus type 7 with the two test antisera.

Detection of cross-reactions by immunofluorescence within the picornavirus group

1970 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 601-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Chaudhary ◽  
J. C. N. Westwood
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Method ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Kidney Cells ◽  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Cross Reactions ◽  
Antibody Staining ◽  
Green Monkey ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Echovirus Type

A rapid and sensitive method has been developed to determine the degree of cross-reactions within the picornavirus group by the indirect method of fluorescent antibody staining in green monkey kidney cells. The viruses included in the study were poliovirus type 1, 2, and 3; echovirus type 3, 9, and 11; and coxsackievirus type A9 and B5. It has been found that the cross-reactions are in fact extensive amongst the viruses tested. The heterologous reactions were almost as strong as homologous reactions. The degree of group reactivity was unexpected and its implication and advantages are discussed.

Non-O1 Vibrio cholerae in Shellfish, Sediment and Waters of the U.S. Gulf Coast

1983 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 802-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. DePAOLA ◽  
M. W. PRESNELL ◽  
M. L. MOTES ◽  
R. M. McPHEARSON ◽  
R. M. TWEDT ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Adrenal Cell ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
Shellfish Sanitation ◽  
The U.S

In a study conducted throughout U.S. Gulf Coastal waters, Vibrio cholerae non-O1 was isolated more frequently from water samples than from shellfish or sediment samples. Frequency of V. cholerae recovery was directly related to water temperature and inversely related to salinity. The presence of V. cholerae was not adequately indicated by the fecal coliform standards for shellfish-growing waters and market shellfish as established by the National Shellfish Sanitation Program. Although all cultures tested by the Y-1 mouse adrenal cell assay or by radioimmunoassay for production of a cholera toxin-like toxin were negative, 4 of 13 isolates caused diarrhea in the infant rabbit.

Survival and Transport of Hepatitis a Virus in Soils, Groundwater and Wastewater

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 97-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Sobsey ◽  
P. A. Shields ◽  
F. H. Hauchman ◽  
R. L. Hazard ◽  
L. W. Caton
Keyword(s):  
Unsaturated Soils ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Echovirus Type

Hepatitis A virus (HAV), poliovirus type 1 and echovirus type 1 were studied for their adsorption and survival in groundwater, wastewater and soils suspended in these media and for survival and transport through unsaturated miniature soil columns intermittently dosed with virus-laden groundwater or wastewater. There were differences among the viruses in adsorption to soils, with poliovirus adsorbed most extensively, echovirus the least and HAV intermediate between these two. All three viruses survived well (>90% inactivation) for at least 12 weeks in groundwater, wastewater and soil suspensions at 5°C. However, at 25 C, HAV survived generally longer than poliovirus and echovirus, with 90–99% inactivation of HAV and 99.9–99.99% inactivation of poliovirus and echovirus in 12 weeks. In miniature soil columns dosed with virus-laden groundwater or wastewater, virus reductions were generally least for echovirus and greatest for poliovirus. HAV reductions were intermediate between these two, but more like poliovirus. The ability of HAV to survive for long periods in soils, groundwater and wastewater and to migrate to some extent through unsaturated soils helps to explain why HAV can contaminate groundwater and cause outbreaks of groundwaterborne disease.

Comparison of Modified A-1 Method with Standard EC Test for Recovery of Fecal Coliform Bacteria for Shellfish

1981 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 607-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A Hunt ◽  
John P Lucas ◽  
Foster D Mcclure ◽  
Janet Springer ◽  
Richard Newell
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Task Force ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Health Association ◽  
Aoac Official ◽  
Shellfish Sanitation

Abstract This study is one of a series in which variations of the A-1 method for the detection and enumeration of (ecal coliforms and Escherichia coli in seawater and foods were evaluated. The tests were conducted jointly by the Food and Drug Administration and state and provincial laboratories that support shellfish control programs in the United States and Canada as part of the National Shellfish Sanitation Program’s Microbiology Task Force activities. Results showed significantly higher recovery of fecal coliforms from naturally contaminated shellfish by the AOAC official A-l-M method than by the American Public Health Association standard method. There was no significant difference in recovery of E coii by the 2 methods.

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