scholarly journals Some Balkan and Danubian Connexions of Troy

1919 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 185-201
Author(s):  
Ida Carleton Thallon
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Near East ◽  
Single Site ◽  
Neolithic Period ◽  
Northern Limit ◽  
The West ◽  
Aegean Area ◽  
The North ◽  
The Bronze Age

Prehistoric research shows us that in the troubled section of Europe known as the Near East there existed as early as the neolithic period several culture groups which may be classified under four heads as follows:—(1) The Aegean, Minoan-Mycenaean group.(2) The Thessalian.(3) The Upper Balkan and Danubian.(4) The South Russian and allied groups.The first of these is so familiar that we need only emphasize its continuity from the neolithic period through the Bronze Age, and the fact that, although eventually it was widely diffused through the Mediterranean from Spain to Cyprus and the coast of Palestine, in the Aegean area itself the northern limit on the west coast was Thessaly, which it reached in the L. M. period, and on the opposite shore the single site toward the north is Troy, where L. M. is contemporary with the VIth city. The sporadic examples on the coast from Thessaly to Troy are very late and apparently had little influence.The excavations by Messrs. Wace and Thompson in prehistoric Thessaly, which included considerably more than one hundred sites, have led them to differentiate a large number of styles of pottery, including red monochrome, red or black incised, or else painted either light on dark or dark on light in many varieties. The designs are predominantly rectilinear and more closely akin to the northern groups than to the Minoan.

A Visit to Crete

1922 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 580-586
Author(s):  
M. C. Burkitt
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
The West ◽  
Aegean Area ◽  
Classical Archaeology ◽  
The North ◽  
Return Journey ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Of Greece

Feeling that my own study of the cultures of Palæolithic and Neolithic Man would be helped by a glimpse into the Æean. Bronze Age as studied by classical archæologists, I took the opportunity of 3 months free time to visit a number of the Minoan (Bronze Age) sites in Crete, as well as the corresponding Helladic localities on the mainland of Greece. The return journey was made by Vienna and Buda-Pesth, in order to study for a short time in the museums there, and the dissimilarity between the Bronze Age cultures north of the Alps and those of the Ægean area, which I had been visiting, was extremely marked. The Bronze Age of the North comes very much into the purview of English Prehistorians and has its due place in our Proceedings. But the Ægean Bronze Age is included under classical archæology, and so it seemed to me that, having had the opportunity of studying in the field with such men as Evans and Wace, a few notes might not be out of place in our E. A. Journal. And more especially is this so when one considers that the Ægean area is on a direct road between the early cultures of what is now Persia and Asia Minor, and the west.

scholarly journals Before the Celts: Cosmology, Landscape and Folklore in Neolithic Northwest Iberia

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-45
Author(s):  
Fabio Silva
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
The West ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Celtic Studies ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Northwest Iberia

This paper applies a combined landscape and skyscape archaeology methodology to the study of megalithic passage graves in the North-west of the Iberian Peninsula, in an attempt to glimpse the cosmology of these Neolithic Iberians. The reconstructed narrative is found to be supported also by a toponym for a local mountain range and associated folklore, providing an interesting methodology that might be applied in future Celtic studies. The paper uses this data to comment on the ‘Celticization from the West’ hypothesis that posits Celticism originated in the European Atlantic façade during the Bronze Age. If this is the case, then the Megalithic phenomenon that was widespread along the Atlantic façade would have immediately preceded the first Celts.

The Bronze Age Round Barrows of Wessex

1941 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 73-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. V. Grinsell
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Northern Limit ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Important Extension ◽  
The One ◽  
The Bronze Age

The area covered by this survey, which epitomizes the writer's work on Wessex barrows since 1929, is limited on the west by a line drawn from Weston-super-Mare to Bridport, on the east by a line drawn from Dorking to Arundel, on the north roughly by the northern limit of the chalk downs south of the Thames, and on the south by the sea. It encloses the great majority of bell, disc, and saucer barrows, all of which appear to be expressions of Piggott's Wessex Bronze Age culture. It should be noted however that elements of this culture are found outside the area dealt with, notably at various places to the north-east. Nearly all of these are so close to the Icknield Way as to make it certain that this was the means of communication linking the one with the other. Another, though less important, extension of the Wessex Bronze Age culture is represented by a few sites, some of them doubtful, within a short distance of the course of the Upper Thames, and it is probable that the river was the means of communication used.Here it is well to point out the respects in which the boundaries of Bronze Age Wessex, as determined by my own distribution-maps of barrows, differ from those adopted in the O.S. Map of Neolithic Wessex, and by Mr Stuart Piggott in his recent paper, ‘The Early Bronze Age in Wessex.’

scholarly journals ‘The Wool Road’ of the Late Bronze Age: Cultural, Geographical, and Chronological Context

2021 ◽  
pp. 23-38
Author(s):  
Natal'ya Shishlina
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Northern Eurasia ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
Wool Textile ◽  
South Siberia ◽  
The Bronze Age

Innovative technologies for new products and consumption, a secondary product revolution, have dramatically changed the course of the Bronze Age economic transformations. Changes included introduction of an innovative technology of wool production and it’s spread among the Northern Eurasia population during 3000–2000 BC. Sophisticated methods of studying the ancient wool textile obtained from the Bronze Age sites of Northern Eurasia, i.e. technological analyses, radiocarbon dating, and the identification of the isotope signature preserved in the wool textile, made it possible not only to discuss the time the wool fiber appeared in the Bronze Age textile production and to determine the cultural context and areas but also to discuss a new hypothesis on the formation of so called Wool Road in early 2nd millennium BC – a route that connected the foothills, forest-steppe, and forest regions of Eastern Europe in the West and South Siberia and China in the East. The discovery of wool textiles and their radiocarbon dating clearly defines the spread of the innovative textile strategies out of the Near East from the South to the North, then from the North Caucasus Piedmont areas from the West to the East. The author suggests that one of the ways the wool textile spread to west was from the southern steppe region of Eastern Europe via the Black Sea steppes.

Ritual and Landscape on the West Coast of Scotland: an Investigation of the Stone Rows of Northern Mull

1996 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 117-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.D. Martlew ◽  
C.L.N. Ruggles
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
The West ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Poor Condition ◽  
The North ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Field Evidence

In view of the theories of the astronomical significance of standing stones proposed by Alexander Thom, extensive fieldwork was undertaken during the 1970s and early 1980s in the west of Scotland to reassess the field evidence. Two groups of sites were identified from this work that seemed to support an astronomical interpretation, but the poor condition of many of the sites made identification of their original orientation problematical. Excavations were carried out at two damaged sites in one of the groups, in northern Mull, in order to identify the original positions of the stones. Radiocarbon dates from one of the sites, the first for a Scottish stone row, suggest construction in the Late Bronze Age. The alignment of the excavated rows, and the results of detailed theodolite surveys at and around the north Mull sites, suggest a more complex relationship between site locations, astronomical events, and the landscape than has hitherto been appreciated.

scholarly journals Insight into the genomic history of the Near East from whole-genome sequences and genotypes of Yemenis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Haber ◽  
Riyadh Saif-Ali ◽  
Molham Al-Habori ◽  
Yuan Chen ◽  
Daniel E. Platt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Near East ◽  
African Ancestry ◽  
Whole Genome Sequencing Data ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
The North ◽  
The Bronze Age

AbstractWe report high-coverage whole-genome sequencing data from 46 Yemeni individuals as well as genome-wide genotyping data from 169 Yemenis from diverse locations. We use this dataset to define the genetic diversity in Yemen and how it relates to people elsewhere in the Near East. Yemen is a vast region with substantial cultural and geographic diversity, but we found little genetic structure correlating with geography among the Yemenis – probably reflecting continuous movement of people between the regions. African ancestry from admixture in the past 800 years is widespread in Yemen and is the main contributor to the country’s limited genetic structure, with some individuals in Hudayda and Hadramout having up to 20% of their genetic ancestry from Africa. In contrast, individuals from Maarib appear to have been genetically isolated from the African gene flow and thus have genomes likely to reflect Yemen’s ancestry before the admixture. This ancestry was comparable to the ancestry present during the Bronze Age in the distant Northern regions of the Near East. After the Bronze Age, the South and North of the Near East therefore followed different genetic trajectories: in the North the Levantines admixed with a Eurasian population carrying steppe ancestry whose impact never reached as far south as the Yemen, where people instead admixed with Africans leading to the genetic structure observed in the Near East today.

Centrifugal Motion

2018 ◽  
pp. 195-202
Author(s):  
Thomas Nail
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Neolithic Period ◽  
The West ◽  
Kinetic Pattern ◽  
The Bronze Age

This chapter argues that beginning around 5000 BCE, alongside the rise of cities and written language, a new regime of motion came to dominate ontological practice in the West: centrifugal motion. Clearly visible in the Bronze Age (3500 BCE) and culminating in ancient Greece by 500 BCE, a newly powerful kinetic pattern of ontological practice emerged that descriptively and inscriptively relied on a centrifugal movement from the center to the periphery. This is not to say that the dominantly centripetal motions of the Neolithic period disappeared or were sublimated, but rather that they were transformed and taken up by another motion.

Excavations on Sheep Hill, West Dunbartonshire, 1966–69: A Late Bronze Age timber-framed dun and a small Iron Age hillfort

2015 ◽  
Vol 36-37 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Euan W. MacKie
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
Preliminary Account ◽  
The University ◽  
The Hill ◽  
Small Team ◽  
The Bronze Age

Excavations at Sheep Hill hillfort, West Dunbartonshire, took place at weekends between 1966 and 1969, with a small team of volunteers. The fort is sited on a volcanic plug of basalt with extensive views up and down the river Clyde. The finds are in the Hunterian Museum of the University of Glasgow, and a preliminary account of the discoveries was published a few years later ( MacKie 1976 ). The hilltop stronghold was found in fact to have been two successive forts. The first (Fort 1) was a timber-framed dun – a drystone enclosure on the summit of the hill. This was destroyed by fire and partly vitrified near the end of the Bronze Age, and most of the rubble from the walls was re-used in the larger Iron Age hillfort (Fort 2) which was built on top of it. A midden from this early fort was found under the rampart of the later one and contained gritty Dunagoil pottery as well as pieces of fired clay moulds for bronze implements. It is possible that a palisaded enclosure preceded the vitrified fort. Nearby on the north was once one of the finest cup-and-ring carved rocks in the country which may have been damaged for building material. The later hillfort consisted of several enclosures defended by rubble and earth ramparts. An important element in the associated material culture was the shale armlet, several examples of which were found. They appear to have been made on the site. The fort is difficult to date precisely but was almost certainly pre-Roman. No Roman artefacts were found although the fort at the west end of the Antonine wall is only a short distance to the east.

scholarly journals Seima-Turbino Celts from Xinjiang (Materials for the Academic Course “Archaeology of Siberia in the Bronze Age”)

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
V. I. Molodin
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
West Siberian Plain ◽  
The West ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
The North ◽  
Archaeological Collections ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
North Asia ◽  
Northern Territories ◽  
The Bronze Age

Purpose. Some objects having the same form as Seima-Turbino bronze artifacts and found on the territory of China were first identified in this way and put into scientific circulation by S. V. Kiselev. The researcher worked with the archaeological collections of the Bronze Age in a number of Chinese museums in the middle of the last century. At present, the number of such artifacts is constantly increasing. The set of spearheads, solid daggers, scepters and rods was expanded with several bronze celts originating from Xinjiang. Similar products are widespread in the southern regions of the West Siberian Plain. There are researchers who attribute some artifacts from this set to Seima-Turbino bronzes. Finds of bronze artifacts resembling Seima-Turbino type in measurements and proportions discovered in the Xinjiang area and the adjacent regions of Central Asia allow us to consider these territories as the areas of distribution of this phenomenon. Since these materials are not readily available for European researchers but their significance for understanding the Seima-Turbino phenomenon is very high, it seems reasonable to introduce such items to a wide range of specialists. Results. At present, about ten bronze celts from the territory of Xinjiang are known to the author as associated with the Seima-Turbino community. Intense archaeological research in Xinjiang has resulted in a whole series of extremely interesting archaeological discoveries including single finds which are now scattered in numerous museums in the region. There is no doubt that due to active excavation studies in Xinjiang the number of celts that are close in appearance to classic examples of the Seima-Turbino type will only increase. Conclusion. In this paper, we describe several of the Seima-Turbino artifacts from Xinjiang available to us and prove the existence of relations between the region of Xinjiang and more northern territories of the Asian continent, in particular Siberia, during the Bronze Age. The main destination taken by the bearers of Seima-Turbino tradition seems to spread to the north along the Irtysh River. The classic types of Seima-Turbino bronze artifacts found all over the Irtysh region indicate that when they reached the steppes and forest-steppes of Western Siberia, Seima-Turbino population occupied this area and adapted to the local conditions and autochthonous cultures of the Bronze Age, such as Odino and Krotovo. Then, for some reason, they moved to the west and east in a fan-like dispersion, leaving archaeological sites and some objects of Seima-Turbino type on their way. The materials presented in this article expand our understanding of the essence of the historical and cultural processes in Central and part of North Asia in the Bronze Age and can be widely used for educational purposes in universities, as it is done at Novosibirsk State University as part of the course “Archaeology of Siberia in the Bronze Age”.

scholarly journals Topography and reconstruction of historical mines of the Kagarlinsk mining-metallurgical center (Bronze Age)

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-130
Author(s):  
V.V. Noskevich ◽  
N.V. Fedorova ◽  
A.M. Yuminov
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
South Urals ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Copper Ore ◽  
North East ◽  
Mine Dumps ◽  
The North ◽  
Loading And Unloading ◽  
The Bronze Age

Kagarlinsk copper deposits have been worked out since IV millennium BC and till the end of II millennium BC in the steppes of the South Urals and a huge amount of copper have been recovered from their ores in the Bronze Age. Geophysical studies have been conducted in the south periphery of the Kagarlinsk ore field not far from Belousovka village at the mining-processing complex with the length of 900—1000 m and 30—70 m size across. Something like a hundred of small open-cut mines from 3 to 12 m in diameter are fixed in this area with near side mine dumps, sites for assortment of extracted ore adjoined at stove pits 3—5 m in diameter for burning up lump ores. Thorough topographic, gradient magnetic and geo-radar surveys have been fulfilled in areas where typical objects: open-cut mine, a pit for pilot burning up ores, slime sites and ore store are situated. As a result new data have been obtained on the structure of ancient outputs and associated technological facilities. Numerous magnetic anomalies revealed near the open-cut mine and a pit testify that copper ore encloses sufficient amount of iron and pilot assortment of the burned up ore took place near the pits. According to the results of geo-radar survey special features of pit-stove have been reconstructed and 3D model of the ancient open-cut mine built. A pit for burning up ore was cone-shaped with steps for comfort of loading and unloading ore. Its bottom diameter was 5m, the principal mine was 1—1.5 m in diameter and depth rough 3 m, the volume of the pit did not exceed 13—15 m3. Transversal size of a mine was 7—9 m and the depth was up to 4 m. The open-cut mine had steep sides from the north, east and south and in the west the relief was mildly sloping. The entrance to the open-cut mine was from the west. Initial depth of the open-cut mine differed from the present day surface by 2—3 m. According to our appraisal the amount of extracted ore in this mine was 25—30 tons. Taking into account the overall number of mines some 2—2.5 thousand tons of bulk ore were extracted during operation of Belousovka mining-metallurgical complex.

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