‘The Wool Road’ of the Late Bronze Age: Cultural, Geographical, and Chronological Context

Innovative technologies for new products and consumption, a secondary product revolution, have dramatically changed the course of the Bronze Age economic transformations. Changes included introduction of an innovative technology of wool production and it’s spread among the Northern Eurasia population during 3000–2000 BC. Sophisticated methods of studying the ancient wool textile obtained from the Bronze Age sites of Northern Eurasia, i.e. technological analyses, radiocarbon dating, and the identification of the isotope signature preserved in the wool textile, made it possible not only to discuss the time the wool fiber appeared in the Bronze Age textile production and to determine the cultural context and areas but also to discuss a new hypothesis on the formation of so called Wool Road in early 2nd millennium BC – a route that connected the foothills, forest-steppe, and forest regions of Eastern Europe in the West and South Siberia and China in the East. The discovery of wool textiles and their radiocarbon dating clearly defines the spread of the innovative textile strategies out of the Near East from the South to the North, then from the North Caucasus Piedmont areas from the West to the East. The author suggests that one of the ways the wool textile spread to west was from the southern steppe region of Eastern Europe via the Black Sea steppes.

Analysis on Development Process and General Situation of Modern Chinese Textile Technology

In the early stage of China's modern capitalist industrialization, the national textile industry developed rapidly. The textile industry involved a wide range of industries. China's modern textile industry mainly includes filament, textile machinery manufacturing and wool textile industries in the development project of the textile industry in China's concession period, a number of textile industry central cities such as Shanghai, Tianjin, Qingdao, Wuhan, and Nantong have been formed.

ЕКОЛОГІЧНО-БЕЗПЕЧНА ТЕХНОЛОГІЯ ОЗДОБЛЕННЯ ТЕКСТИЛЬНИХ МАТЕРІАЛІВ З ВИКОРИСТАННЯМ ЕКСТРАКТУ ЧАШОЛИСТОК ПОЛУНИЦІ

Development of ecologically safe technology of finishing the textile materials using strawberry sepals extract and determination of influence for a mordant with salts from various metals on coloring quality. The technological parameters of the dyeing process by strawberry sepals extract were determined for linen, cotton, viscose and wool textile materials using pre-treatment with or without metal salts of Cu2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Fe3+, Al3+. The color characteristics of the samples were determined using Adobe Photoshop CS6 software to evaluate the color quality. The resistance of the dyeing the textile materials to physical and chemical influences were determined by standard methods for textile materials. Ecologically safe technology of finishing the cellulosic and wool textile materials using strawberry sepals extract has been developed. The dyeing of textile materials made from cellulose fibers made it possible to obtain coloration from light to dark brown. After dyeing, the brightest samples were found based on wool fibers. Depending on the type of mordant, the following colors were obtained: Cu2+ cation made it possible to obtain green-brown shades, Al3+, Zn2+, Ni2+ cations gave colors in the yellow-brown shades; Fe3+ cation gave colors in black and brown shades. In general, the color fastness to wet and dry crocking for textile materials after dyeing with strawberry sepals extract are maximum for all specimens pre-treated with ferric cations except cotton and linen materials. The stability of color to perspiration in cotton, linen, viscose and wool samples ranges from 4 to 5 points. Color fastness to washing for samples from cellulose fibers are preferably 4-5 points, and for woolen is 4 points. The scientific novelty of the work is to determine the basic regularities of the dyeing process after pre-treatment with salts of metals Cu2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Fe3+, Al3+ using as a dye of the strawberries sepals extract, which is a waste of the food industry. The technological parameters of the dyeing process by strawberry sepals extract, for cotton, viscose and woolen textile materials using pretreatment with metal salts of Cu2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Fe3+, Al3+ were developed.

Modelling Bronze Age sheepherding and wool production: the case of the Terramara settlement at Montale, Italy

Arguing for an integrated wool-textile economy in the Bronze Age, this paper assesses characteristics and scale of pastoral economy and sheepherding at the Terramare settlement of Montale (Modena province, Italy). Previous studies argued that Montale was a Bronze Age centre of wool production. The present work enhances the understanding of the local textile economy by investigating the evidence for sheepherding and landscape management at the site. It also proposes an interdisciplinary-based approach to investigate and reconstruct pastoral economy and sheepherding strategies in other prehistoric contexts as well.

РАДИОУГЛЕРОДНАЯ ХРОНОЛОГИЯ ШЕРСТЯНЫХ ТКАНЕЙ ЭПОХИ ПОЗДНЕЙ БРОНЗЫ ЗАПАДНОГО ОРЕНБУРЖЬЯ

The new 14C dates of wool textile from Srubnaya western Orenbur region correlate well with the period of the rapid spread across the steppe and the forest-steppe belts in northern Eurasia. We may infer from our analysis that in 1750–1650 BC the production of wool textiles in the southern Urals steppe belt was integrated into the economy of the local Ural population.

Inverse Creep in Wool Textile Yarns

Creep has been known and studied for textile materials for decades. In comparison, a newly observed phenomenon of inverse creep seems not to have received much attention. A new instrument has been fabricated to measure creep and inverse creep in textile materials particularly yarns. Creep and Inverse creep measurements of few of the textile wool yarns at different levels of stress have been studied, using the new instrument and results are reported in the present paper.