Sir Lionel Carden's Proposed Agreement on Central America, 1912

1959 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-295
Author(s):  
Walter V. Scholes
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Central America ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Central American ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Department Of State ◽  
Secretary Of State ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Foreign Office

As American economic interests expanded in Central America in the early twentieth century, many British representatives concluded that the Foreign Office would have to devise some method to protect existing British investments against American encroachment. When Secretary of State Knox visited Central America in 1912, he and Sir Lionel E. G. Carden, the British Minister to Central America, discussed Central American affairs when they met in Guatemala on March 16. Knox could scarcely have been very sympathetic as Carden expounded the British point of view, for the Department of State believed that the greatest obstacle to the success of its policy in Central America was none other than the British Minister. As early as April, 1910, Knox had unsuccessfully tried to have Carden transferred from his post; the attempt failed because Sir Edward Grey backed up his Minister.

The United States and the Central American Federation

1967 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth J. Grieb
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
American Politics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Central American ◽  
Central Americans ◽  
American Federation ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
American Union

The administration of Warren G. Harding found itself facing the issue of Central American Union when it assumed office in March, 1921. Central Americans had debated combination since independence, and the question came to the fore periodically, resulting in numerous attempts to reunite the isthmus. But the previous proposals had all faltered when governments favoring confederation were overthrown. The issue was periodically revived whenever renewed coups returned pro-union regimes to power in several of the countries. In this way the debate continued throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, ebbing and flowing with the frequent revolutions, coups, and counter coups that constituted Central American politics.

Denying History in Colonial Kenya: the Anthropology and Archeology of G.W.B. Huntingford and L.S.B. Leakey

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 287-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.E.G. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
European Society ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
White Settlers

Colonial attitudes and prejudices can be readily identified by every student perusing Africanist literature of the early twentieth century. More than that, one gets to recognize different slants, notably between an administrative outlook and that of white settlers (varying according to the territory), and a further contrast with that of Protestant and Catholic missionaries, not to overlook mission-educated Africans. But facile characterizing by occupation, economic interests, class, race, or even religion can misrepresent individual intellects and achievements, whether in original contributions to knowledge or in setting the direction of continuing research. In reviewing here the anthropological and archeological endeavors in the Kenya highlands during the 1920s and 1930s of George Wynn Brereton Hiintingford (1901-1978) and Louis Seymour Bazett Leakey (1903-72), both of British parentage (and sons of Anglican clerics), it is noticeable that, while each was unmistakably a product of his time and situation, neither falls perfectly into any neat category of European society in colonial Africa. Neither belonged to the administrative corps, although both took on assignments for the Kenya government on occasions, and were at hand to volunteer their wisdom about “native customs” and mentality whenever inexperienced officials, insensitive settlers or zealous missionaries encountered distrust or open protest.

Afterlives

Melania ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Penn
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Popular Press ◽  
Scholarly Journals ◽  
Secretary Of State ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

In 1903, the Vatican’s secretary of state, Cardinal Mariano Rampolla was heir apparent to the papacy. But he became unexpectedly out of a job due to a veto by the Austro-Hungarian emperor. Rampolla retreated to a life of scholarship to edit a manuscript he had discovered in a monastic library decades earlier, Gerontius’s Life of Melania the Younger. Rampolla’s publication spawned a series of early twentieth-century reactions to Melania’s biography. This work sometimes appeared in scholarly journals. Much appeared in popular press articles such as one that compared Melania’s fasts to those of early twentieth-century suffragettes’ or a series of newspaper headlines referring to “the richest woman in the history of the world!” The hagiography also inspired early twentieth-century imitations, such as Sainte Mélanie, a pious and expanded version of Melania’s Life. This chapter examines an earlier rediscovery of this “indomitable little saint” who was seen as “Richer than Rockefeller.”

Radical, Reformist and Aborted Liberalism: Origins of National Regimes in Central America

2001 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES MAHONEY
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
Central America ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Central American ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Reform Period ◽  
Liberal Reform ◽  
Progressive Democracy

During the twentieth century, the countries of Central America were characterised by remarkably different political regimes: military-authoritarianism in Guatemala and El Salvador, progressive democracy in Costa Rica and traditional-authoritarianism in Honduras and Nicaragua. This article explains these contrasting regime outcomes by exploring the agrarian and state-building reforms pursued by political leaders during the nineteenth- and early twentieth-century liberal reform period. Based on differences in the transformation of state and class structures, three types of liberalism are identified: radical liberalism in Guatemala and El Salvador, reformist liberalism in Costa Rica and aborted liberalism in Honduras and Nicaragua. It is argued that these types of liberalism set the Central American countries on contrasting paths of political development, culminating in diverse regime outcomes.

Dollar Diplomacy in the Light of the Guatemalan Loan Project, 1909-1913

1970 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. Dinwoodie
Keyword(s):  
Financial Structure ◽  
State Department ◽  
Critical Assessment ◽  
Central American ◽  
Secretary Of State ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Foreign Office ◽  
American Policy ◽  
British Foreign Office ◽  
Strategic Interest

While historians have shown unusual agreement in their critical assessment of the results of Philander Knox's Central American policy, they have frequently disagreed on the reasons for this failure, as well as on the goals of the Secretary of State. An examination of one of Knox's loan projects — the Guatemalan refunding scheme — throws light on these two issues. The record of this futile four-year attempt to reorganize the country's financial structure reveals a State Department approach relying eventually on the use of coercive diplomatic methods. These techniques were resourceful, but ineffectual, and contributed to an unproductive and acrimonious diversion with the British Foreign Office. The negotiations suggest that the Secretary and other Department officers sought goals broader in nature than national economic or strategic interest. The extent of their objectives may have contributed to the unsatisfactory outcome of the case.

scholarly journals Three Italian Illuminated Cuttings in the Royal Library of Copenhagen: the Master B. F., Attavante and the Master of Montepulciano Gradual I

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Eleonora Mattia
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Artistic Production ◽  
History Of Collecting ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Catalogue Raisonne

Eleonora Mattia: Three Italian illuminated Cuttings in the Royal Library of Copenhagen Some observations on the history of collecting illuminated cuttings serve to introduce three unpublished Italian fragments that are part of a collection of illuminated fragments conserved in the Royal Danish Library. The miniatures are described from the point of view of their liturgical and art-historical content and are presented in the form of entries in a catalogue raisonné. The Master B. F., who grew up under the shadow of Leonardo de Vinci, was among those miniaturists most sought-after by collectors in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century because of his evident stylistic debts to the great painter. The beautiful miniature in Copenhagen can now be added to the other known works of this Master and is critical not only to the reconstruction of his corpus, but also for the history of collecting, as it comes from the prestigious Holford Collection. It was already correctly attributed when it entered the collection of the Royal Library; it is here inserted into the activity of the artist, a dating is proposed, and a provenance is suggested from the series of choir books in the monastery of Santi Angelo e Nicolò a Villanova Sillaro in Lombardy, which were broken up around 1799. The Danish cutting here attributed to Attavante has a specific iconography that demonstrates an originality and an independence from models followed by contemporary Florentine painting, qualities not always acknowledged to the well known miniaturist whose extensive figurative production has sometimes been considered repetitive. A third fragment is here attributed to the Pisan Master of Montepulciano Gradual I. This anonymous miniaturist is at the centre of the most recent and innovative studies of fourteenth-century Tuscan painting: his activity belongs to the diversified texture of artistic production between Florence and its nearby cities, with expressive modalities independent of the tradition of the more strictly Giottesque masters. The miniature attributed to him here is to be added to the catalogue of his works, dispersed as they are in many European and American collections.

Introduction

1995 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahirih V. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
Foreign Office ◽  
Family Connections

In The Early Twentieth Century, Shanghai Promised Opportunities that attracted people from all over China and, indeed, from around the world. To all who arrived—the wealthy banker from Ningbo looking to multiply the family fortune, the young British diplomat fresh from a desk job at the Foreign Office, the unwilling daughter from Suzhou sold into prostitution, the shop apprentice whose family connections brought another kind of indentured service, or the Chinese and foreign sailors “shanghaied” into service on one of the thousands of shipping vessels docked every year in Shanghai's harbor—Shanghai offered both great risks and real opportunities.

scholarly journals «ONTOLOGISM OF FAITH» IN THEISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO R. AVENARIUS’S «BIOPSYCHOLOGISM»

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (18) ◽  
pp. 121-126
Author(s):  
S.V. Pishun ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Academic Philosophy ◽  
Extended Interpretation

The article presents the criticism of R. Avenarius’s empiriocriticism by representatives of the Russian spiritual and academic philosophy of the early twentieth century. The theistic model of cognition, based on Platonic ontology and an extended interpretation of the phenomenon of faith, is contrasted with the biopsychologism of Avenarius. The article substantiates the point of view that the criticism of the ideas of empiriocriticism stimulated the construction of its own version of philosophical and religious anthropology in Orthodox academic theism

The Intuition of Time Between Science and Art History in the Early Twentieth Century

1997 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-220
Author(s):  
Gabriel Motzkin
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Art History ◽  
Basic Problem ◽  
Linear Time ◽  
Uniform Space ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Linear Perspective ◽  
Science And Art ◽  
Early Twentieth Century

The ArgumentThis article compares the corresponding effects in science and art of a change in the intuition of time at the beginning of this century. McTaggart's distinction between linear time and tense time is applied to the question of whether linear perspective requires a notion of time as succession. It is argued that the problem of self-representation is a basic problem for this kind of uniform space-time because of the contradiction between this model's need for a privileged point of view and its simultaneous denial of such a possibility.

The Reorganization of the Department of State

1944 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-301
Author(s):  
Walter H. C. Laves ◽  
Francis O. Wilcox
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Federal Agencies ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Basic Pattern ◽  
Department Of State ◽  
Administrative Organization ◽  
The Public ◽  
World Power ◽  
Foreign Office ◽  
At Home

For many years there has been widespread discussion of the need for reorganizing the Department of State. Students, publicists, members of Congress, and members of the Department itself have repeatedly pointed out that the Department has not been geared up to performing the functions required of the foreign office of a great twentieth-century world power.The chief criticisms of the Department have been four: (1) that there was lacking a basic pattern of sound administrative organization, (2) that the type of personnel found both at home and abroad was inadequate for the job required in foreign affairs today, (3) that the Department was too far removed from the public and from Congress, and (4) that it was not prepared to provide leadership for, and maintain the necessary relations with, other federal agencies.

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