Key raw materials for Neolithic shoe-last celts and axes in Central Europe:

With the end of MIS3, the unity of larger Gravettian settlements based predominantly on mammoth exploitation split into a mosaic of smaller Epigravettian sites with specific behaviors and economies. Based on C14 chronology, the site of Stránská skála IV (together with Grubgraben, Ságvár and Kašov), correlates with a brief warm period after the Last Glacial Maximum around 22 ka calBP. We detected two main accumulations of predominantly horse bones under a rock cliff suggesting that the site was not a regular settlement but rather a specialised hunting site. No features or hearths were recovered. Lithic raw materials were imported from long distances, and the horse hunting strategy profitted from the specific geographic qualitites of the site. Preferential location of Epigravettian sites in secluded valleys is a pattern generally recognized in Moravia and usually explained as a response to the harsh MIS2 climates.

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Trends in Colouring Blue Glass in Central Europe in Relation to Changes in Chemical Composition of Glass from the Middle Ages to Modern Age

Minerals ◽

10.3390/min11091001 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 1001

Author(s):

Zuzana Zlámalová Cílová ◽

Michal Gelnar ◽

Simona Randáková

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Middle Ages ◽

Central Europe ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Raw Material ◽

13Th Century ◽

Blue Glass ◽

Modern Age ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

The Middle Ages

The study deals with the development of the chemical composition of blue glass from the 13th to the 19th century in the region of Bohemia (Central Europe). Nearly 100 glass samples (colourless, greenish, and blue) were evaluated by an XRF method to distinguish the colouring components of blue glass. As early as in the 13th century, blue glass based on ash containing colouring ions of Co and Cu was produced here. To achieve the blue colour of glass, a copper-rich raw material was most likely applied. This information significantly complements the existing knowledge about glass colouring in the Middle Ages, as the glass of later periods was typically coloured with raw materials containing cobalt.

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ANAEROBIC TREATMENT OF DISTILLERY SLOPS IN THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF CENTRAL EUROPE

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1994.0090 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

pp. 157-160

Author(s):

Pavel Jenícek ◽

Jana Zábranská ◽

Michal Dohányos

Keyword(s):

Central Europe ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Pilot Scale ◽

Anaerobic Treatment ◽

Gas Production ◽

Raw Material ◽

Uasb Reactor ◽

Suitable Material ◽

Large Production ◽

Volumetric Loading

Anaerobic treatment of many kinds of slops is one of the most progressive ways for the reuse of this material. The special feature of Central Europe is that the largest proportion of ethanol is produced by fermentation, and the raw material in big distilleries is only sugar beet molasses. The consequence of this is a large production of slops in small regions, and as far as the quality of slops is concerned, a relatively high content of inert and nonbiodegradable organic compounds in comparison with other more valuable raw materials, such as grapes, fruits, cereals, potatoes, etc. A two-year operation of the pilot scale UASB reactor bas shown that molasses slops are a suitable material for anaerobic treatment The slops were diluted by other wastewaters from the distillery to a concentration of about 25 g.l‒1 COD and then treated in the pilot reactor at 32°C with the following average results: COD removal efficiency 78.8 %; volumetric loading rate 7.1 kg.m-3.d‒1; volumetric gas production 2.6 m3.m‒3.d‒1; specific gas production 0.47 m3.kg‒1. The results achieved confi11II that molasses slops are a source of energy. For example, Czech distilleries could potentially produce 12-17 million m3 of the valuable gas fuel per annum.

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Dig Peat!

Fragmentation in East Central Europe ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198843559.003.0005 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 157-203

Author(s):

Klaus Richter

Keyword(s):

Central Europe ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Baltic States ◽

East Central Europe ◽

East Central ◽

German Occupation ◽

Economic Agents ◽

International Image ◽

Merchant Class ◽

The Creation

The chapter examines national policies to economically empower the titular nations and thus establish a national merchant class. It argues that these policies bore rather different results: the marginalization of minorities and the creation of states that were major economic agents. It explores how attempts of foreign powers to exploit the new Polish and Baltic states economically interacted with the emerging governments’ efforts to take control of the region’s raw materials from the disintegrating commercial monopolies of the German occupation. Using the example of timber and flax trade, the chapter retraces how territorial fragmentation spurred distinct policies that shaped states within East Central Europe, but also an international image of the region: the collapse of sovereignty spurred the commercial engagement of outside powers, which in turn contributed to domestic efforts to secure sovereignty, seal off the territory, and organize commerce within the titular nations.

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The Balkans in the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic: The Gate to Europe or a Cul-de-sac?

Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society ◽

10.1017/s0079497x00004059 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 58 (1) ◽

pp. 1-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

J. K. KozŁowski

Keyword(s):

Central Europe ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Early Stage ◽

Western Anatolia ◽

Middle Palaeolithic ◽

Upper Palaeolithic ◽

Western Balkans ◽

Last Interglacial ◽

Danube Basin ◽

The Balkans

During the Last Interglacial Middle Palaeolithic industries of Crvena Stijena-type rich in side-scrapers with Levallois technique of recurrent type are specific to the Balkans. These industries have analogies in Anatolia and the northern part of the Middle East (Zagros-Group), but are different from industries typical of the middle Danube basin (Taubachian) and northern Central Europe (Moustero-Levalloisian). In the period preceding and immediately following the Lower Pleniglacial the Balkans were dominated by typical Mousterian and Moustero-Levalloisian, frequently with leaf points, similar to the industries of the lower Danube and Dniester basins, but unknown in western Anatolia. During the same period Eastern Micoquian developed in the middle Danube basin and northern Central Europe. Moustero-Levalloisian with leaf points persisted until the Early Interpleniglacial, but only in exceptional cases developed some Upper Palaeolithic features, and always without typical Aurignacian forms. The Aurignacian, unless it appears as a first Upper Palaeolithic culture in the Balkans with earliest dates in Europe (>40,000 years BP), seems to be an intrusive unit without any roots in the local Middle Palaeolithic. After 30,000 years BP, parallel to the Late Aurignacian, the first industries with backed blades appear. In the early stage these developed independently from those of Central Europe. Only after 26,000/24,000 BP were they followed in the eastern Balkans by assemblages strongly linked both morphologically and by raw materials to the Gravettian of the middle Danube basin. In the western Balkans, after 20,000 years BP, assemblages with shouldered points appeared, also probably of middle Danube origin. During the Last Interglacial and Interpleniglacial the territory of Balkans played an important transitional role between Anatolia and Central Europe; in the two Pleniglacials of the Würm this territory became some kind of cul-de-sac as the refugium for population groups from the middle Danube and northern Central Europe.

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A Late Middle Palaeolithic assemblage containing Levallois and bifacial objects from Saône-et-Loire, France: GH 3 at Grotte de la Verpillière II à Germolles

Journal of Lithic Studies ◽

10.2218/jls.v3i2.1408 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jens Axel Frick

Keyword(s):

Central Europe ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Raw Material ◽

Radiometric Dating ◽

Middle Palaeolithic ◽

Rock Shelter ◽

Reduction Strategies ◽

Show Evidence ◽

Material Economy ◽

High Level

The site of Grotte de la Verpillière II, a rock shelter and corresponding cave tunnel, is situated in a cliff face of an Oxfordian massive, around 10 km West of Chalon-sur-Saône in Eastern France. The excavation at this site has recovered Middle Palaeolithic assemblages in three stratified sedimentological units. The richest of these assemblages derives from Geological Horizon (GH) 3 and is discussed here. It is preliminarily attributed to a Late Middle Palaeolithic context of OIS 3 to 4 using radiometric-dating techniques.The assemblage combines Levallois reduction, bifacial objects and diverse ‘opportunistic’ reduction strategies. The Levallois reduction shows a high level of raw-material economy in the use of raw pieces and blanks whose morphology is close to the shape of desired configured cores. Other reduction strategies show a wider range of approaches to blank production. Bifacial objects include but are not limited to Keilmesser with tranchet blows. The condition of objects from GH 3 range from unused raw pieces, tested raw pieces, configured and exhausted cores, correction and central flakes, as well as some heated objects, frost shards, and debris. The majority of raw materials derive from sources nearby, but were clearly transported to the site. Only some pieces show evidence for transport of up to 100 km from source to site. The presence of specific reduction strategies on bifacial objects and the existence of tranchet-blow modification provide support for the attribution of the assemblage to the Keilmessergruppen assemblages from Central Europe.

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PENENTUAN PEMILIHAN BAHAN DALAM PEMBUATAN ACUAN ALAS KAKI SECARA MANUAL

CORAK ◽

10.24821/corak.v6i2.2399 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Abimanyu Yogadita Restu Aji

Keyword(s):

Material Selection ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Research Question ◽

Coding System ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Analysis Techniques ◽

Shoe Last ◽

Materials Used ◽

Collection Methods

Reference of shoe last is something quite unique. In making the reference of footwear, special raw materials are required to produce a reference with good quality. The quality of this reference is very influential on the long life of a reference. In addition, the quality of the raw materials used also affects the shape of a reference. The research question posed is what factors determine the criteria for selecting the material, in the process of making the reference of footwear by manual technique. Data collection methods generally refer to interview techniques based on the principle, namely structured interviews, semi-structured and unstructured. Data analysis techniques use a gradual coding system with a focus of attention on the factors that determine the material selection criteria in manual reference footwear generation. Keywords: Reference of footwear, manuals, material characters Acuan alas kaki merupakan sesuatu yang cukup unik. Dalam pembuatan acuan alas kaki, diperlukan bahan baku khusus agar menghasilkan acuan dengan kulitas yang baik. Kualitas acuan ini sangat berpengaruh terhadap lama pakai dari sebuah acuan. Selain itu, kualitas dari bahan baku yang digunakan juga berpengaruh terhadap bentuk dari sebuah acuan. Pertanyaan penelitian yang diajukan adalah faktor apa yang menentukan kriteria pemilihan bahan, dalam proses pembuatan acuan alas kaki dengan teknik manual. Metode pengumpulan data secara umum mengacu pada teknik wawancara berdasarkan prinsipnya, yaitu wawancara terstruktur, semi terstruktur dan tidak terstruktur. Teknik analisis data menggunakan sistem pengkodean secara bertahap dengan fokus perhatian pada faktor yang menentukan kriteria pemilihan bahan dalam pembuatan acuan alas kaki secara manual. Kata kunci : Acuan alas kaki, manual, karakter bahan

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Puzzles of Party Politics

The New Party Challenge ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198812920.003.0001 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-27

Author(s):

Tim Haughton ◽

Kevin Deegan-Krause

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Central Europe ◽

Economic Performance ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Party Politics ◽

New Parties ◽

Party Formation ◽

Nuanced Understanding

Scholars seeking to explain the patterns of party politics in Central Europe since 1989 have drawn on accounts that stress the role of cleavages, economic performance, legacies, populism, and European Union accession and membership. Although they offer insights, these accounts in themselves do not provide a compelling explanation. More attention needs to be focused on individual parties and the choices they make, and the raw materials at their disposal. New parties make much of their newness, while their success is also fuelled by appeals of celebrity and promises of anti-corruption. Existing accounts of party formation and breakthrough, however, overlook the increasingly strong institutional links between party birth and party death. A more nuanced understanding of today’s party politics must also attend to the role of time, both diachronically and synchronically, in shaping the organizational choices made by parties and the appeals they use to win voter support.

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Fast growing poplar and Miscanthus sinensis—future raw materials for pulping in Central Europe

Biomass and Bioenergy ◽

10.1016/0961-9534(93)90095-l ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 137-143 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Othar Kordsachia ◽

Andreas Seemann ◽

Rudolf Patt

Keyword(s):

Central Europe ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Miscanthus Sinensis ◽

Fast Growing

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Preliminary characterization of the prehistoric mine of chocolate flint in Poręba Dzierżna, site 24 (Wolbrom commune, Lesser Poland voivodeship)

Sprawozdania Archeologiczne ◽

10.23858/sa/73.2021.2.2546 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 73 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Magdalena Sudoł-Procyk ◽

Maciej Krajcarz ◽

Magdalena Malak ◽

Dagmara H. Werra

Keyword(s):

Central Europe ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Upper Jurassic ◽

Deep Insight ◽

Preliminary Characterization ◽

The Past ◽

Trading Routes ◽

Insight Into ◽

Spoil Heaps

Researches on prehistoric flint mines are currently widely developing, as they allow a deep insight into the past economy, early industry, and the network of trading routes and inter-regional contacts. In the territory of Poland and in general, Central Europe, one of the most important flint raw materials was an Upper Jurassic chert, so-called chocolate flint. In this paper are presented preliminary results of the research of chocolate flint mine in Poręba Dzierżna, site 24 (Kraków-Częstochowa Upland, southern Poland). The outcrop, and anthropogenic relief indicating the activity of prehistoric miners, were discovered in 2013. Recently excavations undertaken on the site recorded the remains of mining shafts, spoil heaps, and rich traces of workshops. The deposits of chocolate flint were previously known only in the Holy Cross Mountains, 130 km to the NE. The research undertaken has therefore a significant impact on the existing interpretations related to the extraction, use, and distribution of chocolate flint by prehistoric communities in Central Europe.

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