Stock Option Expense: The Sword of Damocles Revealed

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 311-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine A. Botosan ◽  
Marlene A. Plumlee
Keyword(s):  
Accounting Standards ◽  
Fair Value ◽  
Stock Option ◽  
Financial Accounting ◽  
Financial Accounting Standards Board ◽  
Return On Assets ◽  
Earnings Per Share ◽  
Disclosure Requirements ◽  
Differences Of Opinion ◽  
Fortune Magazine

Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 123 is one of the most controversial accounting standards ever issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB 1995) (SFAS No. 123, para. 376). More than five years have passed since SFAS No. 123 first required firms to either recognize or disclose stock option expense based on the fair value of options granted. In light of the fractious debate surrounding its passage and ongoing differences of opinion regarding the usefulness of stock option expense data, this paper reports how the standard impacts firm performance. This study examines the effect of stock option expense on the diluted earnings per share and return on assets of 100 firms identified by Fortune magazine as “America's Fastest-Growing Companies.” We find that stock option expense has a material impact on the performance measures for a majority of our sample firms. Moreover, our analysis predicts stock option expense will grow over the next several years, potentially doubling in magnitude during that time. We also document some noncompliance with the disclosure requirements of SFAS No. 123, finding that 12 percent of the sample firms provided incomplete information during the most recent year examined.

scholarly journals A Note On Accounting For Employee Stock Options When Reporting Diluted Earnings Per Share Under The Treasury Stock Method

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
David T. Doran
Keyword(s):  
Stock Options ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Accounting Standards ◽  
Fair Value ◽  
Financial Accounting ◽  
Employee Stock Options ◽  
Financial Accounting Standards Board ◽  
Earnings Per Share ◽  
Free Environment

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Firms must currently apply the fair value method in determining the amount of employee compensation incurred in the case of employee stock options.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Current GAAP also requires that for purposes of calculating diluted earnings per share (EPS), the treasury stock method be applied where the assumed proceeds from exercise of the optioned shares is used to purchase shares of the firm&rsquo;s stock at its average market price of the earnings period.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>These incremental shares increase the denominator for purposes of calculating diluted EPS.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>These requirements are consistent across the pronouncements of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>This study extends the work of Doran (2005) and Doran (2008).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>These previous studies found that applying the treasury stock method where shares are assumed purchased at the average for the period price (instead of end of year price) understates the number of incremental shares (the denominator), which overstates diluted EPS.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>However, these previous works assumed that no shares were actually purchased for the treasury during the earnings period.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>The FASB indicates one reason that the average for the period price is appropriate is because if treasury shares purchases were to occur, &ldquo;the shares would be purchased at various prices, not at the price at the end of the period.&rdquo;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>This study tests the notion that the average for the period price is appropriate under circumstances where the firm actually purchases shares for the treasury at its average market price during the earnings period.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>This paper employs a simple one period model that assumes a risk free environment with complete certainty.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>The model allows comparison of computed EPS with an a priori known, correct amount.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Consistent with Doran (2005) and Doran (2008), the results here again indicate that assuming purchase of treasury shares at their average market price of the earnings period understates the EPS denominator which results in EPS overstatement. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>Correct diluted EPS is derived when the shares assumed purchased under the treasury stock method are acquired at the higher period ending market price.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span></span></span></p>

scholarly journals Accounting standards for employee stock option disclosure: The current debate

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 87-95
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Poitras
Keyword(s):  
Accounting Standards ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Fair Value ◽  
Stock Option ◽  
Financial Accounting ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Employee Stock Options ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Financial Accounting Standards Board ◽  
Employee Stock Option

The paper examines the implications of recent changes to accounting standards for employee stock based compensation with contingent features. The Dec. 2005 implementation of FAS 123R by the Financial Accounting Standards Board requires the fair value of such expenses to be recorded in net income. The change is now impacting the reported financial statements of firms that have been substantial users of employee stock options. This provides an opportunity to directly assess the actual impact of FAS 123R on such firms. Arguments for and against mandatory expensing are reviewed and an assessment of the contrasting positions provided. Significant limitations of current reporting requirements are identified

scholarly journals Constructive Capitalization of Operating Leases in the Hong Kong Fast-Food Industry

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Y. Tai
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Accounting Standards ◽  
Financial Accounting ◽  
Financial Accounting Standards Board ◽  
Return On Assets ◽  
Fast Food Industry ◽  
Operating Leases ◽  
Lease Contracts

The current study is undertaken to investigate the potential problems resulting from the proposed adoption of a new accounting standard concerning mandatory capitalization of all lease contracts.  In 2010, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued a joint exposure draft (ED2010/9) on accounting for leases.  Under the new standard, lessees are required to capitalize all lease contracts as assets and liabilities.  The distinction between operating leases and capital (finance) leases will no longer exist.  The long-standing off-balance sheet treatment of operating leases will be prohibited.  After the adoption of the proposed standard, companies with significant operating leases are likely to experience an increase in assets, increase in liabilities, and decrease in equity, resulting in the deterioration of their return-on- assets and debt-to-equity ratios.  This research examines two large fast-food restaurant chains based in Hong Kong; and through constructive capitalization, demonstrates how the companies’ key financial ratios are negatively impacted if the new standard is implemented.  The results indicate that both the return-on-assets and debt-to-equity ratios of the two companies, under various discount rates assumptions, suffer serious deterioration when their operating leases are capitalized.

scholarly journals An Evaluation Of The Implementation Of Fair Value Accounting: Impact On Financial Reporting

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen T. Cascini ◽  
Alan DelFavero
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Accounting Standards ◽  
Fair Value ◽  
The United States ◽  
Financial Accounting ◽  
Financial Assets ◽  
Financial Accounting Standards Board ◽  
Continuous Change ◽  
Fair Value Accounting ◽  
The Cost

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; mso-pagination: none;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 10pt; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The accounting industry is in a state of continuous change.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>In the United States, the historical cost principle has traditionally been the foundation of accounting.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Until recently, assets and liabilities have been required to be recorded at their acquisition prices, with the exception of designated financial assets and financial liabilities.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>However, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) has now created accounting standards that are distant from the cost principle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 157: Fair Value Measurements, issued in September 2006 (FAS157, now codified as ASC 820) and Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 159: The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, created in February 2007 (FAS159, now ASC 825-10-25), significantly increases the viability of fair value accounting. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the benefits and pitfalls of fair value and the corresponding affects on various stakeholders. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></p>

scholarly journals The FASBs Concepts Statement On Cash Flows And Present Value

2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley Martens ◽  
Thomas Berry
Keyword(s):  
Cash Flow ◽  
Accounting Standards ◽  
Fair Value ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Financial Accounting ◽  
Financial Accounting Standards Board ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Numerical Examples ◽  
Flow Information

In February 2000, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 7, Using Cash Flow Information and Present Value in Accounting Measurements.  In this document the FASB asserts without proof that a present value computation along its lines will provide a good estimate of the fair value of an asset or liability.  Using numerical examples provided by the FASB, we attempt to construct arguments in support of the FASB’s claim.  We find that such arguments require strong and not at all obvious assumptions about players in hypothetical markets.

KRITIK TERHADAP KLAIM KEANDALAN PADA HIRARKI PENGUKURAN NILAI WAJAR: Sebuah Literature Review

Wahana ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-87
Author(s):  
Nugroho Wisnu Murti ◽  
Indriyana Widyastuti
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Accounting Standards ◽  
Fair Value ◽  
Review Literature ◽  
Financial Accounting ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Financial Accounting Standards Board ◽  
Fundamental Study ◽  
Professional Assessment ◽  
Value Hierarchy

This article provide consideration for the Indonesian Financial Accounting Standards Board that requires a review of Indonesia's Financial Accounting Standards (PSAK) 68 concerning Measurement of Fair Value. Fair Value has potential misinterpretation definition between price and value. This potential misinterpretation is indicated to be the rationale put forward in the fair value hierarchy which is indicated unfair. This potential based on claims at each level which can be questioned with the existence of aggressive discretionary issues and the analogy of financial statement analysis. However, this problem had been proven getting down by involvement of independent and professional assessment. Therefore, fair value hierarchy has the same potential of reliability by the third party. If each level has the same potential, this hierarchy can be removed to avoid misinterpretation by users of financial statements. The obligation to disclose the basis of valuation is fairer to be implemented than the hierarchy which is have potensial misinterpretation. This opinion was not without foundation, because this article based on a literature review that starts from: 1) study of the relevance of the Indonesian Financial Accounting Standards concerning fair value with the Indonesian Assessment Standards; 2) fundamental study to interpret fair value based on review literature; and 3) study of allegations of the same potential submitted in the direction of fair value as regulated in PSAK 68. Keywords: fair value hierarchy, riliability, agresive discretionary, PSAK 68

scholarly journals ANALISIS PERLAKUAN AKUNTANSI AGRIKULTUR PADA PETANI KELAPA PADA DESA DI DAERAH LIKUPANG SELATAN : DAMPAK RENCANA PENERAPAN ED PSAK NO.69 TENTANG AGRIKULTUR

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia W.M. Korompis
Keyword(s):  
Financial Management ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Accounting Standards ◽  
Fair Value ◽  
Financial Accounting ◽  
Financial Accounting Standards Board ◽  
Traditional System ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Village

Biological assets is a unique asset, because of the transforming growth even after biological assets generate an output. Although it has many unique, but the financial management of biological assets still have to refer to the Financial Accounting Standards. Currently the Financial Accounting Standards Board (DSAK) issued SFAS No. ED 69 on agriculture which will come into force on 1 January 2017. According to this SFAS Biological assets are measured at initial recognition and at the end of each reporting period at fair value less costs to sell. Many of Regions, especially in the village do not know the accounting treatment for biological assets. This makes researchers want to analyze the impact of the application of IAS 69 ED is the continuation of agricultural farmers' efforts in this regard coconut trees in the village in the district South Likupang. With the proper financial management from the village, will support the country's economy as a whole, especially in the face of the MEA. This research uses descriptive analysis. The results of this study indicate that in general the village in the Regional South Likupang not apply to recognize the fair value of their assets. The traditional system by recognizing the asset at the acquisition price is still the basis in preparing the financial statements. But with this study are expected, farmers / entrepreneurs start applying SFAS palm plant began in 2017. Keywords: Accounting, Agriculture, ED IAS 69, Village.

scholarly journals Lucro por ação

2001 ◽  
Vol 12 (26) ◽  
pp. 81-94
Author(s):  
Gabriel Moreira Campos ◽  
Luciano Márcio Scherer
Keyword(s):  
Accounting Standards ◽  
Financial Accounting ◽  
International Accounting ◽  
International Accounting Standards ◽  
Financial Accounting Standards Board ◽  
Earnings Per Share

Este trabalho tem por objetivo demonstrar os principais conceitos acerca do Lucro por Ação (Earnings per Share), o qual se apresenta como um quociente de grande utilidade nas entidades. Serão demonstrados aspectos sobre o assunto presentes no Brasil, bem como as normas aplicáveis nos Estados Unidos, emanadas do Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), e as normas internacionais, emanadas do International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC). De forma a possibilitar uma visualização mais completa dos conceitos envolvidos, serão desenvolvidos exemplos de sua aplicação. O Lucro (Resultado) por Ação pode ser calculado em sua forma básica e em sua forma diluída. Na forma básica, não são considerados os efeitos dos instrumentos potencialmente dilutivos, ao passo que, no cálculo do Lucro (Resultado) por Ação Diluído, são. Como instrumentos financeiros potencialmente dilutivos temos as ações preferenciais conversíveis, as debêntures conversíveis e os bônus de subscrição, que podem ser convertidos em ações ordinárias, caracterizando, assim, o próprio potencial dilutivo desses instrumentos. Dessa forma, o trabalho em questão foi dividido em três partes principais, sendo que nas duas últimas constam os referidos exemplos de cálculo do Lucro por Ação em sua forma básica e em sua forma diluída: • aspectos observados no Brasil; • normas emanadas do FASB; • normas emanadas do IASC.

KRITIK TERHADAP KLAIM KEANDALAN PADA HIRARKI PENGUKURAN NILAI WAJAR: Sebuah Literature Review

Wahana ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-87
Author(s):  
Nugroho Wisnu Murti ◽  
Indriyana Widyastuti
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Accounting Standards ◽  
Fair Value ◽  
Review Literature ◽  
Financial Accounting ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Financial Accounting Standards Board ◽  
Fundamental Study ◽  
Professional Assessment ◽  
Value Hierarchy

This article provide consideration for the Indonesian Financial Accounting Standards Board that requires a review of Indonesia's Financial Accounting Standards (PSAK) 68 concerning Measurement of Fair Value. Fair Value has potential misinterpretation definition between price and value. This potential misinterpretation is indicated to be the rationale put forward in the fair value hierarchy which is indicated unfair. This potential based on claims at each level which can be questioned with the existence of aggressive discretionary issues and the analogy of financial statement analysis. However, this problem had been proven getting down by involvement of independent and professional assessment. Therefore, fair value hierarchy has the same potential of reliability by the third party. If each level has the same potential, this hierarchy can be removed to avoid misinterpretation by users of financial statements. The obligation to disclose the basis of valuation is fairer to be implemented than the hierarchy which is have potensial misinterpretation. This opinion was not without foundation, because this article based on a literature review that starts from: 1) study of the relevance of the Indonesian Financial Accounting Standards concerning fair value with the Indonesian Assessment Standards; 2) fundamental study to interpret fair value based on review literature; and 3) study of allegations of the same potential submitted in the direction of fair value as regulated in PSAK 68. Keywords: fair value hierarchy, riliability, agresive discretionary, PSAK 68

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