Organizational Design and Control across Multiple Markets: The Case of Franchising in the Convenience Store Industry

2009 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 1749-1779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Campbell ◽  
Srikant M. Datar ◽  
Tatiana Sandino
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Design ◽  
Important Determinant ◽  
Convenience Store ◽  
Decision Rights ◽  
Multiple Markets ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Variable Pay ◽  
A Chain ◽  
And Control ◽  
Chain Level

ABSTRACT: Many companies operate units that are dispersed across different types of markets, serving significantly divergent customer bases. Such dispersion is likely to compromise headquarters' ability to control local managers' behavior and satisfy the needs of different customer types. In this study we find that market-type dispersion is an important determinant of the delegation of decision rights and the provision of incentives. Using a sample of convenience store chains, we show that market-type dispersion is positively associated with the degree of franchising at the chain level as well as the probability of franchising a given store within a chain. Our results are robust to alternative definitions of market-type dispersion and to other determinants of franchising such as the stores' geographic dispersion. Additional analyses suggest that chains that do not franchise cope with market-type dispersion by decentralizing operations from headquarters to their stores and providing their store managers higher variable pay.

Knowledge and Awareness of Dengue Fever

2018 ◽  
pp. 219-222
Author(s):  
Y. Arockia Suganthi ◽  
Chitra K. ◽  
J. Magelin Mary
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infection Transmission ◽  
Standard Guideline ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Dengue Prevention ◽  
And Control

Dengue fever is a painful mosquito-borne infection caused by different types of virus in various localities of the world. There is no particular medicine or vaccine to treat person suffering from dengue fever. Dengue viruses are transmitted by the bite of female Aedes (Ae) mosquitoes. Dengue fever viruses are mainly transmitted by Aedes which can be active in tropical or subtropical climates. Aedes Aegypti is the key step to avoid infection transmission to save millions of people in all over the world. This paper provides a standard guideline in the planning of dengue prevention and control measures. At the same time gives the priorities including clinical management and hospitalized dengue patients have to address essentially.

Risk Evaluation for Conflicts between Crossing Pedestrians and Right-Turning Vehicles at Intersections

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110318
Author(s):  
Feifei Xin ◽  
Xiaobo Wang ◽  
Chongjing Sun
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Management ◽  
Traffic Signals ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Video Information ◽  
Fuzzy Clustering Method ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Conflict Risk ◽  
And Control ◽  
Deceleration Time

In recent years, conflicts between crossing pedestrians and right-turning vehicles have become more severe at intersections in China, where right-turning vehicles are usually not controlled by traffic signals. This study proposes a quantitative method for evaluating the conflict risk between pedestrians and right-turning vehicles at intersections based on micro-level behavioral data obtained from video detection. A typical intersection in Shanghai was selected as the study site. In total, 670 min of video were recorded during the peak hours from 7:30 a.m. to 9:30 p.m on one day. After processing the video information, vehicle and pedestrian tracking data were obtained, including the velocity, acceleration, deceleration, time, and location coordinates. Based on these data, several conflict indicators were proposed and these indicators were extracted automatically using MATLAB to identify pedestrian–right-turning vehicle conflicts and to determine the severity of the conflicts identified. This process identified 93 examples of such conflicts. The conflict risks were quantitatively classified using the K-means fuzzy clustering method and all of the conflicts were assigned to five grades. The characteristics of the conflict distribution and the severity of different types of conflict were also analyzed, which showed that conflicts on different areas on the crosswalk differed in their severity. Based on the conclusions, practical traffic management and control measures are proposed to reduce the risk on pedestrian crossings.

scholarly journals Subgraphs of Interest Social Networks for Diffusion Dynamics Prediction

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 492
Author(s):  
Valentina Y. Guleva ◽  
Polina O. Andreeva ◽  
Danila A. Vaganov
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Global Dynamics ◽  
Diffusion Dynamics ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Prediction And Control ◽  
Path Lengths ◽  
And Control ◽  
Diffusion Prediction

Finding the building blocks of real-world networks contributes to the understanding of their formation process and related dynamical processes, which is related to prediction and control tasks. We explore different types of social networks, demonstrating high structural variability, and aim to extract and see their minimal building blocks, which are able to reproduce supergraph structural and dynamical properties, so as to be appropriate for diffusion prediction for the whole graph on the base of its small subgraph. For this purpose, we determine topological and functional formal criteria and explore sampling techniques. Using the method that provides the best correspondence to both criteria, we explore the building blocks of interest networks. The best sampling method allows one to extract subgraphs of optimal 30 nodes, which reproduce path lengths, clustering, and degree particularities of an initial graph. The extracted subgraphs are different for the considered interest networks, and provide interesting material for the global dynamics exploration on the mesoscale base.

Influence of initiation mode on stability and control of a chain reaction

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 1197-1204 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. Chen ◽  
P. A. Chartier ◽  
S. Setthachayanon
Keyword(s):  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Stability And Control ◽  
A Chain ◽  
And Control

scholarly journals Stochastic Inverse Identification of Nonlinear Roll Damping Moment of a Ship Moving at Nonzero-Forward Speeds

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Han ◽  
Takeshi Kinoshita
Keyword(s):  
Nonlinear Damping ◽  
Rolling Motion ◽  
Forward Speed ◽  
Roll Damping ◽  
Nonparametric Approach ◽  
Nonlinear Responses ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Experimental Trials ◽  
And Control ◽  
Ship Rolling

The nonlinear responses of ship rolling motion characterized by a roll damping moment are of great interest to naval architects and ocean engineers. Modeling and identification of the nonlinear damping moment are essential to incorporate the inherent nonlinearity in design, analysis, and control of a ship. A stochastic nonparametric approach for identification of nonlinear damping in the general mechanical system has been presented in the literature (Han and Kinoshits 2012). The method has been also applied to identification of the nonlinear damping moment of a ship at zero-forward speed (Han and Kinoshits 2013). In the presence of forward speed, however, the characteristic of roll damping moment of a ship is significantly changed due to the lift effect. In this paper, the stochastic inverse method is applied to identification of the nonlinear damping moment of a ship moving at nonzero-forward speed. The workability and validity of the method are verified with laboratory tests under controlled conditions. In experimental trials, two different types of ship rolling motion are considered: time-dependent transient motion and frequency-dependent periodic motion. It is shown that this method enables the inherent nonlinearity in damping moment to be estimated, including its reliability analysis.

Advanced Driver Assists and Safety Management System

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dipti Chavan ◽  
Aniket Kamble ◽  
Aditya Khadsare ◽  
Vaibhav Chougule ◽  
Vaibhav Chougule
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Automobile Industry ◽  
Safety Management ◽  
Public Utilities ◽  
Sensor Platform ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Important Field ◽  
And Control ◽  
Web Platform

Electronics and communication is the most important field. In this paper, we can describe how much safety is in the Automobile industry. In this paper, we are using uno-Arduino. The different types of sensors facilities are also provided using key points. The different sensors are provided to check visitor count. In this system, we can monitor and control all the safety precautions their one IoT web platform. This helps in the proper utilization of drivers and helps in avoiding accidents. This paper can be implemented in any two-wheelers, heavily loaded trucks, small SUVs, compact cars. In our paper, the electronics machine/components will be automatically working with using of Arduino program. The proposed wireless sensor platform is an attempt to develop more safety devices that can be used in multiple areas such as homes, schools, and public utilities to reduce accidents. This Advanced Driver Assists system will provide real-time accident detections and monitoring usage information that helps in real-time by using GSM, GPS, and sensors.

THE EFFECT OF EXECUTIVE INCENTIVES ON TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION OF DECLINING ENTERPRISES – THE MODERATING EFFECT OF DECLINE DEGREE AND ORGANISATIONAL SLACK

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
HAIYAN DUAN ◽  
KAMRAN AHMED ◽  
MARTHIN NANERE
Keyword(s):  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Moderating Effects ◽  
Executive Incentives ◽  
Different Types ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Equity Incentive

We examine the effects of different types of executive incentives on technological innovation of declining firms and the moderating effects of the degree of decline and organisational slack on executive incentives and enterprise technological innovation. We also assess the synergetic effects of different types of executive incentives on technological innovation of declining enterprises. We find the following: first, executive compensation incentive, equity incentive and control incentives are beneficial to promote technological innovation in declining enterprises. Second, the degree of decline negatively moderates the relationship between equity incentive and technological innovation. Third, organisational slack positively moderates the relationship between equity incentive and technological innovation, as well as the relationship between control incentives and technological innovation, especially for severely declining enterprises. Fourth, there are synergistic effects between executive control incentive and compensation incentive, control incentives and equity incentive on technological innovation. The contributions are as follows: first, taking declining enterprises as sample, we suggest that to increase the role of compensation incentive and equity incentive in promoting technological innovation in declining enterprises, the control incentives should be strengthened. Second, organisational slack should be fully exploited for severely declining enterprises so that executives should have the motivation and conditions to carry out technological innovation and further help declining enterprises to turnaround successfully.

Design and Analysis of Reduced Degree of Freedom Modular Snake Robot

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Racioppo ◽  
Wael Saab ◽  
Pinhas Ben-Tzvi
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Design Synthesis ◽  
Snake Robot ◽  
Routing Schemes ◽  
Revolute Joints ◽  
Modular Units ◽  
A Chain ◽  
The Moment ◽  
And Control

This paper presents the design and analysis of an underactuated, cable driven mechanism for use in a modular robotic snake. The proposed mechanism is composed of a chain of rigid links that rotate on parallel revolute joints and are actuated by antagonistic cable pairs and a multi-radius pulley. This design aims to minimize the cross sectional area of cable actuated robotic snakes and eliminate undesirable nonlinearities in cable displacements. A distinctive feature of this underactuated mechanism is that it allows planar serpentine locomotion to be accomplished with only two modular units, improving the snake’s ability to conform to desired curvature profiles and minimizing the control complexity involved in snake locomotion. First, the detailed mechanism and cable routing scheme are presented, after which the kinematics and dynamics of the system are derived and a comparative analysis of cable routing schemes is performed, to assist with design synthesis and control. The moment of inertia of the mechanism is modeled, for future use in the implementation of three-dimensional modes of snake motion. Finally, a planar locomotion strategy for snake robots is devised, demonstrated in simulation, and compared with previous studies.

scholarly journals ENZYME EVOLUTION: I. THE IMPORTANCE OF UNTRANSLATABLE INTERMEDIATES

Genetics ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-316
Author(s):  
Arthur L Koch
Keyword(s):  
Rate Constants ◽  
Enzyme Evolution ◽  
Gene Copy ◽  
Mutational Change ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Haploid Species ◽  
Sufficient Magnitude ◽  
A Chain ◽  
The Times ◽  
Mutant Forms

ABSTRACT The proportion of two allelic mutant forms of a haploid species can be calculated from six quantities, the original proportion, the two effective growth rate constants, the two mutation rate constants for the transition from one to the other, and the elapsed time. With a program for carrying out this calculation in a mini-computer, we set about investigating the rates of exploration of multiple intragene changes in populations of enormous numbers over a large number of cell generations. It seemed evident from the outset that unless in the past very different proportions of the different types of mutational changes occurred, then neither the numbers nor the times could have been of sufficient magnitude to account for enzyme evolution by multiple simultaneous changes within a gene to yield a superior protein. Rather, we propose that the more rapid path of enzyme evolution consisted of the sequence: 1) gene duplication, 2) inactivation of a gene copy by a chain-terminating mutation or other mutational change which suppresses transcription and/or translation, 3) multiple base-pair changes and/or small deletions and additions within the non-functioning gene, and finally, 4) reversion of the mutation which was suppressing translation. It is shown that this path will lead to faster advance, if the selective advantages of different forms are dependent on the function of the gene products at certain times in history, while at other times, although this function may be necessary, it is not limiting for growth.

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