Bipolar Disorders and Their Clinical Management, Part I: Epidemiology, Etiology, Genetics, and Neurobiology

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Maletic ◽  
Bernadette DeMuri-Maletic
Keyword(s):  
Autistic Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Bipolar Disorders ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Disease Evolution ◽  
The Past ◽  
Endocrine Disturbances ◽  
Brain Changes

The concept of bipolar disorders has undergone a substantial evolution over the course of the past two decades. Emerging scientific research no longer supports the notion of bipolar disorder as a discrete neurobiologic entity. Most likely, there are a number of different biotypes with similar phenotypical manifestations. Advancements in genetic research suggest that bipolar disorders have a polygenetic pattern of inheritance, sharing common genetic underpinnings with a number of other psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, autistic spectrum disorder, and major depressive disorder. Contemporary etiological theories are discussed in some detail, inclusive of the role of immune disturbances, oxidative stress, and changes in neuroplasticity and neurotransmission, which underpin functional and structural brain changes associated with bipolar disorders. Contemporary epidemiologic research and understanding of disease evolution are discussed from the perspective of its clinical relevance. Our review provides a succinct summary of relevant literature. This review contains 4 figures, 2 tables, and 80 references. Key Words: bipolar disorders, endocrine disturbances, epidemiology, genetics, glia, immunity, neurobiology, neuroplasticity, neurotransmitters

Bipolar Disorders and Their Clinical Management, Part I: Epidemiology, Etiology, Genetics, and Neurobiology

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Maletic ◽  
Bernadette DeMuri-Maletic
Keyword(s):  
Autistic Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Bipolar Disorders ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Disease Evolution ◽  
The Past ◽  
Endocrine Disturbances ◽  
Brain Changes

The concept of bipolar disorders has undergone a substantial evolution over the course of the past two decades. Emerging scientific research no longer supports the notion of bipolar disorder as a discrete neurobiologic entity. Most likely, there are a number of different biotypes with similar phenotypical manifestations. Advancements in genetic research suggest that bipolar disorders have a polygenetic pattern of inheritance, sharing common genetic underpinnings with a number of other psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, autistic spectrum disorder, and major depressive disorder. Contemporary etiological theories are discussed in some detail, inclusive of the role of immune disturbances, oxidative stress, and changes in neuroplasticity and neurotransmission, which underpin functional and structural brain changes associated with bipolar disorders. Contemporary epidemiologic research and understanding of disease evolution are discussed from the perspective of its clinical relevance. Our review provides a succinct summary of relevant literature. This review contains 4 figures, 2 tables, and 80 references. Key Words: bipolar disorders, endocrine disturbances, epidemiology, genetics, glia, immunity, neurobiology, neuroplasticity, neurotransmitters

Bipolar Disorders and Their Clinical Management, Part I: Epidemiology, Etiology, Genetics, and Neurobiology

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Maletic ◽  
Bernadette DeMuri-Maletic
Keyword(s):  
Autistic Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Bipolar Disorders ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Disease Evolution ◽  
The Past ◽  
Endocrine Disturbances ◽  
Brain Changes

The concept of bipolar disorders has undergone a substantial evolution over the course of the past two decades. Emerging scientific research no longer supports the notion of bipolar disorder as a discrete neurobiologic entity. Most likely, there are a number of different biotypes with similar phenotypical manifestations. Advancements in genetic research suggest that bipolar disorders have a polygenetic pattern of inheritance, sharing common genetic underpinnings with a number of other psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, autistic spectrum disorder, and major depressive disorder. Contemporary etiological theories are discussed in some detail, inclusive of the role of immune disturbances, oxidative stress, and changes in neuroplasticity and neurotransmission, which underpin functional and structural brain changes associated with bipolar disorders. Contemporary epidemiologic research and understanding of disease evolution are discussed from the perspective of its clinical relevance. Our review provides a succinct summary of relevant literature. This review contains 4 figures, 2 tables, and 80 references. Key Words: bipolar disorders, endocrine disturbances, epidemiology, genetics, glia, immunity, neurobiology, neuroplasticity, neurotransmitters

Bipolar Disorders and Their Clinical Management, Part I: Epidemiology, Etiology, Genetics, and Neurobiology

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Maletic ◽  
Bernadette DeMuri-Maletic
Keyword(s):  
Autistic Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Bipolar Disorders ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Disease Evolution ◽  
The Past ◽  
Endocrine Disturbances ◽  
Brain Changes

The concept of bipolar disorders has undergone a substantial evolution over the course of the past two decades. Emerging scientific research no longer supports the notion of bipolar disorder as a discrete neurobiologic entity. Most likely, there are a number of different biotypes with similar phenotypical manifestations. Advancements in genetic research suggest that bipolar disorders have a polygenetic pattern of inheritance, sharing common genetic underpinnings with a number of other psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, autistic spectrum disorder, and major depressive disorder. Contemporary etiological theories are discussed in some detail, inclusive of the role of immune disturbances, oxidative stress, and changes in neuroplasticity and neurotransmission, which underpin functional and structural brain changes associated with bipolar disorders. Contemporary epidemiologic research and understanding of disease evolution are discussed from the perspective of its clinical relevance. Our review provides a succinct summary of relevant literature. This review contains 4 figures, 2 tables, and 80 references. Key Words: bipolar disorders, endocrine disturbances, epidemiology, genetics, glia, immunity, neurobiology, neuroplasticity, neurotransmitters

scholarly journals 3-Phenylcoumarins as a Privileged Scaffold in Medicinal Chemistry: The Landmarks of the Past Decade

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (21) ◽  
pp. 6755
Author(s):  
Maria J. Matos ◽  
Eugenio Uriarte ◽  
Lourdes Santana
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Chemistry ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Natural Origin ◽  
Drug Candidates ◽  
Heterocyclic Molecules ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Drug ◽  
Privileged Scaffold

3-Phenylcoumarins are a family of heterocyclic molecules that are widely used in both organic and medicinal chemistry. In this overview, research on this scaffold, since 2010, is included and discussed, focusing on aspects related to its natural origin, synthetic procedures and pharmacological applications. This review paper is based on the most relevant literature related to the role of 3-phenylcoumarins in the design of new drug candidates. The references presented in this review have been collected from multiple electronic databases, including SciFinder, Pubmed and Mendeley.

scholarly journals Fluid Flow and Mass Transport in Brain Tissue

Fluids ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lori A. Ray ◽  
Jeffrey J. Heys
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Brain Dysfunction ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Advective Flows ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Flow And Mass Transport ◽  
Removal System

Despite its small size, the brain consumes 25% of the body’s energy, generating its own weight in potentially toxic proteins and biological debris each year. The brain is also the only organ lacking lymph vessels to assist in removal of interstitial waste. Over the past 50 years, a picture has been developing of the brain’s unique waste removal system. Experimental observations show cerebrospinal fluid, which surrounds the brain, enters the brain along discrete pathways, crosses a barrier into the spaces between brain cells, and flushes the tissue, carrying wastes to routes exiting the brain. Dysfunction of this cerebral waste clearance system has been demonstrated in Alzheimer’s disease, traumatic brain injury, diabetes, and stroke. The activity of the system is observed to increase during sleep. In addition to waste clearance, this circuit of flow may also deliver nutrients and neurotransmitters. Here, we review the relevant literature with a focus on transport processes, especially the potential role of diffusion and advective flows.

scholarly journals The Role of Eating Behaviours in Genetic Susceptibility to Obesity

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 512-521
Author(s):  
Moritz Herle ◽  
Andrea D. Smith ◽  
Alice Kininmonth ◽  
Clare Llewellyn
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Susceptibility ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
Eating Behaviours ◽  
Genetic Liability ◽  
The Past ◽  
Uncontrolled Eating ◽  
Shared Genetic

Abstract Purpose of Review Eating behaviours are hypothesised to be the behavioural expression of genetic risk of obesity. In this review, we summarise findings from behavioural genetic research on the association between genetic risk for obesity and validated psychometrics measures of eating behaviours in children and adults (published in the past 10 years). Recent Findings Twin studies have produced some evidence for a shared genetic aetiology underlying body mass index and eating behaviours. Studies using measured genetic susceptibility to obesity have suggested that increased genetic liability for obesity is associated with variation in obesogenic eating behaviours such as emotional and uncontrolled eating. Summary More research on this topic is needed. Especially longitudinal studies using genetically sensitive designs to investigate the direction of genetic pathways between genetic liability of eating behaviours to weight and vice versa, as well as the potential subsequent link to eating disorders.

Can GPs coordinate “whole person care”?

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-16
Author(s):  
Bob Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Service Users ◽  
Care Coordinator ◽  
Policy Documents ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Past ◽  
Whole Person

Purpose – As the notion of “integrated care” has received ever greater policy traction, so the idea that a named individual should take responsibility for coordinating the various elements of care for service users has also gained ground. The purpose of this paper is to look at the proposal to hand this role to GPs, examine the policy expectations and explore some of the implementation dilemmas. Design/methodology/approach – Review of policy documents and relevant literature. Findings – That the role of “care coordinator” has rarely succeeded in the past and that there are specific difficulties in expecting GPs to take on the task. Research limitations/implications – Review of existing literature linked to emergent policy – no original research. Originality/value – This is a new application of an enduring policy concept. Currently the literature is thin.

scholarly journals Anomalous brain gyrification patterns in major psychiatric disorders: a systematic review and transdiagnostic integration

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daiki Sasabayashi ◽  
Tsutomu Takahashi ◽  
Yoichiro Takayanagi ◽  
Michio Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Progressive Reduction ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Brain Changes ◽  
The Common

AbstractAnomalous patterns of brain gyrification have been reported in major psychiatric disorders, presumably reflecting their neurodevelopmental pathology. However, previous reports presented conflicting results of patients having hyper-, hypo-, or normal gyrification patterns and lacking in transdiagnostic consideration. In this article, we systematically review previous magnetic resonance imaging studies of brain gyrification in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and autism spectrum disorder at varying illness stages, highlighting the gyral pattern trajectory for each disorder. Patients with each psychiatric disorder may exhibit deviated primary gyri formation under neurodevelopmental genetic control in their fetal life and infancy, and then exhibit higher-order gyral changes due to mechanical stress from active brain changes (e.g., progressive reduction of gray matter volume and white matter integrity) thereafter, representing diversely altered pattern trajectories from those of healthy controls. Based on the patterns of local connectivity and changes in neurodevelopmental gene expression in major psychiatric disorders, we propose an overarching model that spans the diagnoses to explain how deviated gyral pattern trajectories map onto clinical manifestations (e.g., psychosis, mood dysregulation, and cognitive impairments), focusing on the common and distinct gyral pattern changes across the disorders in addition to their correlations with specific clinical features. This comprehensive understanding of the role of brain gyrification pattern on the pathophysiology may help to optimize the prediction and diagnosis of psychiatric disorders using objective biomarkers, as well as provide a novel nosology informed by neural circuits beyond the current descriptive diagnostics.

Women and Development in Ethiopia: A Sociohistorical Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 230-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tesfaye Semela ◽  
Hirut Bekele ◽  
Rahel Abraham
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
External Pressures ◽  
The Social ◽  
Institutional Structures ◽  
Changing Roles

This article analyzes the role of women as both contributors to and beneficiaries of the socio-economic development of Ethiopia over the past century during three divergent political regimes. Employing the social constructivist and feminist notions of doing and undoing gender, and Bourdieu’s concept of “Habitus” as its theoretical lenses, this study examines how women were able to deal with the external pressures exerted by social and institutional structures and navigated through a predominantly masculine world to negotiate their changing roles in the Ethiopian society. Based on a review of the relevant literature, analysis of government policies and strategies, and official statistics, this study traces the historical trajectories of Ethiopian women since the early modern imperial era to the present. The study also identifies policy options that have helped to overcome the deep-sited inequalities between men and women in the Ethiopian context.

On Future Directions in Pathology

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 274-277
Author(s):  
Benjamin F. Trump ◽  
Irene K. Berezesky ◽  
Raymond T. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Diagnostic Pathology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The Many

The role of electron microscopy and associated techniques is assured in diagnostic pathology. At the present time, most of the progress has been made on tissues examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and correlated with light microscopy (LM) and by cytochemistry using both plastic and paraffin-embedded materials. As mentioned elsewhere in this symposium, this has revolutionized many fields of pathology including diagnostic, anatomic and clinical pathology. It began with the kidney; however, it has now been extended to most other organ systems and to tumor diagnosis in general. The results of the past few years tend to indicate the future directions and needs of this expanding field. Now, in addition to routine EM, pathologists have access to the many newly developed methods and instruments mentioned below which should aid considerably not only in diagnostic pathology but in investigative pathology as well.

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