scholarly journals Craniofacial Morphology in Prematurely Born Children

2009 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liselotte Paulsson ◽  
Lars Bondemark
Keyword(s):  
Head Circumference ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Craniofacial Morphology ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Preterm Children ◽  
Very Preterm ◽  
Anterior Cranial Base ◽  
Extremely Preterm ◽  
Preterm Group

Abstract Objective: To test the null hypothesis that there is no difference between the craniofacial morphology of prematurely born children and that of matched full-term born controls. Materials and Methods: White children 8 to 10 years of age, born at the University Hospitals of Lund and Malmö and living in the same part of Sweden, were included. One group consisted of 36 very preterm children, born during gestational weeks 29 to 32; the other group included 36 extremely preterm children, who were born before the 29th gestational week. Subjects were compared with a control group of 31 full-term children, who were matched for gender, age, nationality, and living area. One lateral head radiograph was taken for each child, and the cephalometric analysis included 15 angular and 11 linear variables. Also, the height, weight, and head circumference of each child were registered. Results: A significantly shorter anterior cranial base and a less convex skeletal profile were found among extremely preterm children, and significantly shorter maxillary length was noted in both extremely preterm and very preterm groups as compared with full-term children. The lower incisors were significantly more retroclined and retruded in the extremely preterm group compared with the very preterm group and the full-term control group. Extremely preterm children were significantly shorter, and both extremely preterm and very preterm children had significantly lower weight and smaller head circumference compared with full-term children. Conclusion: The null hypothesis was rejected because several craniofacial parameters differed significantly between preterm and full-term born control children.

scholarly journals Malocclusion Traits and Orthodontic Treatment Needs in Prematurely Born Children

2008 ◽  
Vol 78 (5) ◽  
pp. 786-792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liselotte Paulsson ◽  
Björn Söderfeldt ◽  
Lars Bondemark
Keyword(s):  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Dental Health ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment Needs ◽  
Preterm Children ◽  
Treatment Need ◽  
Deep Bite ◽  
Extremely Preterm ◽  
Gestational Week

Abstract Objective: To evaluate if prematurely born children have higher prevalence of malocclusion traits and greater orthodontic treatment need than matched full-term born controls. Materials and Methods: Seventy-three preterm children were selected from the Medical Birth Register and divided into two subgroups according to their gestational age. One group consisted of 37 very preterm children (VPT), born in gestational week 29–32, and the other of 36 extremely preterm children (EPT), born before the 29th gestational week. The subjects were compared with a control group of 41 full-term children, who were matched for sex, age, and nationality. Data from clinical examinations, study casts, and panoramic radiographs were used to determine malocclusion traits. The dental health component of the index of orthodontic treatment need (IOTN) was used to rank the treatment need. Results: Two or more malocclusion traits occurred significantly more often among EPT (83.3%) and VPT children (73.0%), compared with the full-term children (51.2%). Significantly higher prevalence of deep bites and was found in EPT and VPT groups compared with the full-term control group. Deep bite was the most common malocclusion trait in the EPT and VPT group. Higher orthodontic treatment need was found for the preterm children but no differences in prevalence of malocclusion traits and treatment need were found between VPT and EPT children. Conclusion: The clinician should be aware of the potential for a higher number of malocclusion traits and greater orthodontic treatment need in prematurely born children compared with full-term children.

scholarly journals Body Posture Asymmetry in Prematurely Born Children at Six Years of Age

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Walicka-Cupryś ◽  
Justyna Drzał-Grabiec ◽  
Maciej Rachwał ◽  
Paweł Piwoński ◽  
Lidia Perenc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Premature Birth ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Body Posture ◽  
Coronal Plane ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sitting Position ◽  
Preterm Children ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Preterm Group

Aims. The purpose of the study was to assess body posture asymmetries in the standing and sitting position in prematurely born children at six years of age. Study Design and Subjects. We measured trunk symmetry in coronal plane. The study was carried out in a group of 101 children, aged 6-7 years, mean age of 6.63, including 50 preterm children born at gestational age <32 weeks (preterm group) and 51 full-term children (control group). Outcome Measures. Trunk symmetry in coronal plane was measured using photogrammetric technique with Mora 4G CQ Elektronik. The subjects were examined in standing and sitting position. Statistical analyses were carried out using Shapiro-Wilk W-test, Student’s t-test, Mann–Whitney U test, and Pearson’s chi-squared test. Statistical significance was assumed at p<0.05. Results. No significant differences were found between the groups in the asymmetries identified in the relevant anthropometric points, relative to the position assumed during the examination or to the subjects’ sex. Conclusions. There are no significant differences in body posture in the coronal plane, between preterm children and full-term children. Premature birth does not have adverse effects related to body posture asymmetry in preterm children at the age of six.

scholarly journals The impact of premature birth on dental maturation in the permanent dentition

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 855-861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liselotte Paulsson ◽  
Sara Arvini ◽  
Niclas Bergström ◽  
Gunilla Klingberg ◽  
Christina Lindh
Keyword(s):  
Tooth Development ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Observer Agreement ◽  
Preterm Children ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Maturity Score ◽  
Extremely Preterm ◽  
Preterm Group ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Dental Maturity

Abstract Objectives To evaluate tooth development and calculate dental maturity score in prematurely born children and to compare the findings with full-term born children. Material and methods Nine-year-old preterm children were selected from the Swedish Medical Birth Register. One group consisted of 36 extremely preterm children (born before week 29), and the other included 38 very preterm children (born during weeks 29 to 32). Panoramic radiography was performed on each child and the preterm children were compared with 42 full-term born children. Five observers independently assessed the tooth development stages for all teeth in the left mandible (31–37) on the panoramic radiographs according to the method described by Demirjian et al. (Hum Biol 45:211–227, 1973). Data from tooth development stages were compiled and converted into a dental maturity score for each group. Kappa values were calculated for intra- and inter-observer agreement. Results When the different development stages for each individual tooth were compared, all observers presented a significant delay in the maturity of tooth 37 for the extremely preterm group (p ≤ 0.002). The extremely preterm group had a significantly lower dental maturity score than the full-term group, as assessed by each observer (p ≤ 0.006). Kappa values for inter-observer agreement varied between 0.31 and 0.71 depending on tooth and intra-observer agreement was between 0.16 and 1.0. Conclusions At age 9, the extremely preterm children had a general delay in tooth development. Clinical relevance The increased survival rate of extremely preterm babies adds a new group of children to society. Dental clinicians should be aware that the delay in tooth development could impact the timing of orthodontic diagnostics and potential treatment.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Language Delay among Healthy Preterm Children, Language Outcomes and Predictive Factors

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 282
Author(s):  
Miguel Pérez-Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Language Impairment ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Language Delay ◽  
Preterm Children ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Extremely Preterm

Language delay (LD) and its relationship with later language impairment in preterm children is a topic of major concern. Previous studies comparing LD in preterm (PT) and full-term (FT) children were mainly carried out with samples of extremely preterm and very preterm children (sometimes with additional medical problems). Very few of them were longitudinal studies, which is essential to understand developmental relationships between LD and later language impairment. In this study, we compare the prevalence of LD in low-risk preterm children to that of FT children in a longitudinal design ranging from 10 to 60 months of age. We also analyze which variables are related to a higher risk of LD at 22, 30 and 60 months of age. Different language tests were administered to three groups of preterm children of different gestational ages and to one group of full-term children from the ages of 10 to 60 months. ANOVA comparisons between groups and logistic regression analyses to identify possible predictors of language delay at 22, 30 and 60 months of age were performed. The results found indicate that there were practically no differences between gestational age groups. Healthy PT children, therefore, do not have, in general terms, a higher risk of language delay than FT children. Previous language delay and cognitive delay are the strongest and longest-lasting predictors of later language impairment. Other factors, such as a scarce use of gestures at 10 months or male gender, affect early LD at 22 months of age, although their effect disappears as children grow older. Low maternal education appears to have a late effect. Gestational age does not have any significant effect on the appearance of LD.

scholarly journals Executive functioning in preschool children born very preterm: Relationship with early white matter pathology

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMIE O. EDGIN ◽  
TERRIE E. INDER ◽  
PETER J. ANDERSON ◽  
KELLY M. HOOD ◽  
CARON A.C. CLARK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Executive Dysfunction ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Cerebral White Matter ◽  
Preterm Children ◽  
Very Preterm ◽  
White Matter Pathology ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

Despite evidence for executive dysfunction in school-aged preterm children, less is known about the early development of these difficulties or their underlying neuropathology. This study used prospective longitudinal data from a regional cohort of 88 very preterm and 98 full-term comparison children to examine the executive functioning (EF) of preschool children born very preterm. The relationship between the severity of neonatal cerebral white matter (WM) abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at term equivalent and children's EF at ages two and four years (corrected age) was examined. At age four, very preterm children with WM abnormalities performed less well than full-term children on the Detour Reaching Box, a measure of behavioral inhibition and cognitive flexibility, even after controlling for child IQ, SES, and medical background. Examination of patterns of EF performance between the ages of 2 and 4 years showed that the performance of all groups improved with age. However, very preterm children with mild and moderate-severe WM abnormalities were characterized by higher rates of consistent performance impairments. These findings support the presence of early and persistent executive difficulties in preschool children born very preterm, and highlight the importance of white matter pathology in the development of executive impairments. (JINS, 2008,14, 90–101.)

scholarly journals Academic performance of children born preterm: a meta-analysis and meta-regression

2017 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. F322-F330 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Sabrina Twilhaar ◽  
Jorrit F de Kieviet ◽  
Cornelieke SH Aarnoudse-Moens ◽  
Ruurd M van Elburg ◽  
Jaap Oosterlaan
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Special Educational Needs ◽  
Academic Difficulties ◽  
Preterm Children ◽  
Antenatal Steroids

BackgroundAdvances in neonatal healthcare have resulted in decreased mortality after preterm birth but have not led to parallel decreases in morbidity. Academic performance provides insight in the outcomes and specific difficulties and needs of preterm children.ObjectiveTo study academic performance in preterm children born in the antenatal steroids and surfactant era and possible moderating effects of perinatal and demographic factors.DesignPubMed, Web of Science and PsycINFO were searched for peer-reviewed articles. Cohort studies with a full-term control group reporting standardised academic performance scores of preterm children (<37 weeks of gestation) at age 5 years or older and born in the antenatal steroids and surfactant era were included. Academic test scores and special educational needs of preterm and full-term children were analysed using random effects meta-analysis. Random effects meta-regressions were performed to explore the predictive role of perinatal and demographic factors for between-study variance in effect sizes.ResultsThe 17 eligible studies included 2390 preterm children and 1549 controls. Preterm children scored 0.71 SD below full-term peers on arithmetic (p<0.001), 0.44 and 0.52 SD lower on reading and spelling (p<0.001) and were 2.85 times more likely to receive special educational assistance (95% CI 2.12 to 3.84, p<0.001). Bronchopulmonarydysplasia explained 44% of the variance in academic performance (p=0.006).ConclusionPreterm children born in the antenatal steroids and surfactant era show considerable academic difficulties. Preterm children with bronchopulmonarydysplasia are at particular risk for poor academic outcome.

Voice problems in school-aged children following very preterm birth

2016 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 556-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Reynolds ◽  
Suzanne Meldrum ◽  
Karen Simmer ◽  
Shyan Vijayasekaran ◽  
Noel French
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Very Low Birth Weight ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Preterm Children ◽  
Very Preterm ◽  
Extremely Preterm ◽  
Speech Pathologist ◽  
Registration Number ◽  
Study Participants

Background and objectiveVery preterm children may be at risk of voice abnormalities (dysphonia). Risk factors previously identified in extremely preterm children include female gender, multiple intubations, complicated intubation and very low birth weight. This study sought to identify the prevalence of dysphonia in very preterm children, at school age.MethodsChildren born between 23 and 32 weeks’ gestation were included in this prospective observational study. Participants were randomly selected from a sample stratified by gestational age and number of intubations, and were aged between 5 and 12 years at the time of assessment. Clinical voice assessments were conducted by a speech pathologist, and a diagnosis of dysphonia was made based on the presence and severity of disturbance to the voice. Retrospective chart review identified medical and demographic characteristics.Results178 participants were assessed. The prevalence of dysphonia in this cohort was 61%. 31% presenting with significant dysphonia, that is, voice disturbance of greater than mild in severity. Female gender (p=0.009), gestational age (p=0.031) and duration of intubation (p=0.021) were significantly associated with dysphonia although some preterm children with dysphonia were never intubated.ConclusionsSignificant voice abnormalities were observed in children born at up to 32 weeks’ gestation, with intubation a major contributing factor.Trial registration numberACTRN12613001015730.

scholarly journals Attentional networks efficiency in preterm children

2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. PIZZO ◽  
S. URBEN ◽  
M. VAN DER LINDEN ◽  
C. BORRADORI-TOLSA ◽  
M. FRESCHI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Preterm Children ◽  
Attention Network ◽  
Attentional Deficits ◽  
Control Networks ◽  
Attentional Networks ◽  
Preterm Group

AbstractRecent studies have reported specific executive and attentional deficits in preterm children. However, the majority of this research has used multidetermined tasks to assess these abilities, and the interpretation of the results lacks an explicit theoretical backdrop to better understand the origin of the difficulties observed. In the present study, we used the Child Attention Network Task (Child ANT; Rueda et al. 2004) to assess the efficiency of the alerting, orienting and executive control networks. We compared the performance of 25 preterm children (gestational age ≤ 32 weeks) to 25 full-term children, all between 5½ and 6½ years of age. Results showed that, as compared to full-term children, preterm children were slower on all conditions of the Child ANT and had a specific deficit in executive control abilities. We also observed a significantly higher correlation between the orienting and executive control networks in the preterm group, suggesting less differentiation of these two networks in this population. (JINS, 2010, 16, 130–137.)

scholarly journals Anatomic features of anterior chamber angle in children with glaucoma depending on the degree of the cicatricial retinopathy of prematurity

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-26
Author(s):  
Maria A. Makarova ◽  
Viktoria M. Panchishena ◽  
Elena V. Brusakova ◽  
Regina V. Ershova ◽  
Elvira I. Saidasheva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Chamber ◽  
Retinopathy Of Prematurity ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Congenital Glaucoma ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Anterior Chamber Angle ◽  
Anatomic Structure ◽  
Preterm Children ◽  
Chamber Angle

Introduction. The retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a leading condition in the nosological structure of ophthalmic pathology in preterm children. A number of researchers note the increase in frequency of glaucoma development in such patients, considerably worsening the prognosis of the disease. At the same time, features of ocular hydrostatics and hydrodynamics taking into account the immaturity of the eye are studied insufficiently. The purpose of the study was to estimate the anterior chamber angle anatomy in preterm children with glaucoma depending on the cicatricial ROP severity. Materials and methods. The study group included 45 preterm children (87 eyes) aged from 6 months to 18 years with glaucoma on the background of cicatricial ROP. The control group consisted of 27 full-term children (54 eyes) with congenital glaucoma. As an addition to traditional ophthalmologic examination, iridocorneal goniography using a pediatric retinal camera was performed. Results. In children of the study group, anomalies of anterior chamber angle anatomic structure were diagnosed in the absolute majority of cases 97.7% of cases (85 eyes) and depended on the cicatricial ROP severity: at degrees 1-3 they were similar to those in congenital glaucoma in full-term children; at degrees 4-5 glaucoma was of secondary nature and developed as a result of a combination of dysgenesis signs in the anterior chamber angle. Conclusion. Cicatricial ROP of any degree is a high risk factor for the development of secondary glaucoma.

Temporal Trends of Acute Kidney Injury and Associated Risk Exposures in Extremely Preterm Infants

2021 ◽  
pp. CJN.19301220
Author(s):  
Chih-Chia Chen ◽  
Yung-Chieh Lin ◽  
Shan-Tair Wang ◽  
Chao-Ching Huang ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Serum Creatinine ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Very Preterm ◽  
Extremely Preterm ◽  
Extremely Preterm Infants ◽  
Preterm Group ◽  
Care Practices

Background and objectivesNeonatal AKI in the preterm population is an under-recognized morbidity. Detecting AKI in preterm infants is important for their long-term kidney health. We aimed to examine the yearly trends of incidence and the related morbidities and care practices affecting the occurrence of neonatal AKI in extremely preterm (gestational age <29 weeks) and very preterm (gestational age 29–32 weeks) infants.Design, setting, participants, & measurementsThe trends and the related risk factors and care practices of AKI were examined in the extremely preterm (n=434) and very preterm (n=257) infants who were admitted within 14 days after birth from 2005 to 2018 to the University Hospital and had at least two serum creatinine measurements during hospitalization. We defined AKI as a serum creatinine rise of 0.3 mg/dl or more within 48 hours or a 1.5-fold increase within 7 days.ResultsThe extremely preterm group had a three-fold higher incidence of AKI (30% versus 10%) than the very preterm group. Among preterm infants with AKI, 92% had one episode of AKI, and 45% experienced stage 2 or 3 AKI; the mean duration of AKI was 12±9 days. Across the 14-year period, the crude incidence of AKI declined markedly from 56% to 17% in the extremely preterm group and from 23% to 6% in the very preterm group. After adjustment, a significant decline of AKI incidence was still observed in the extremely preterm group. The declining AKI in the extremely preterm infants was related to the trends of decreasing incidences of neonatal transfer, prolonged aminoglycoside exposure, prophylactic use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and sepsis.ConclusionsWe observed a declining trend in the incidence of neonatal AKI among extremely preterm infants from 2005 to 2018, which may be related to improvement of care practices.

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