Empirical Approaches to Studying Art Experience

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 10501-1-10501-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claus-Christian Carbon
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Art Galleries ◽  
Ordinary Objects ◽  
The Social ◽  
Cultural Status ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Right

Abstract Art experience means the rich experience of artistic objects that are mostly embedded in situational, social, and cultural contexts: for instance when encountering art in art galleries or museums. Art experience lets us reflect on the content, the style, and the artist behind the artwork—moreover, it lets us reflect about the percept, perception, the world, ultimately: about us. Current works in the field of empirical aesthetics unfortunately often ignore context factors that are so important for such deep and far-reaching experiences. Here I intend to refer to the different paths of measuring art experience via Path #1 by testing within the ecological valid context of art galleries via field studies, via Path #2 by simulating certain contextual and perceptual factors in a lab-oriented study design and via Path #3 by testing art-related material in labs without paying attention to such factors. The way we research art experience drastically changes the quality and nature of the output, especially if we ignore certain essential factors which are typically involved when encountering art galleries in real life via Path #3—mainly because participants do not show the typical motivation, interest and effort which they would typically face in art galleries. Furthermore, because the depiction quality of artworks, the context and the social situation in which they are inspected is fundamentally different in the lab, the respective impression is also very different. As most research ignores such factors, we might often be misled by the results of such studies; especially when the extraordinary and unique cultural status that makes artworks so different to ordinary objects is ignored. The paper aims to guide researchers in finding the right study paradigm and best measures to answer their regarding research questions most adequately.

scholarly journals Making the World Safe for Utilitarianism

2006 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Jonathan Wolff
Keyword(s):  
Economic Reform ◽  
Fine Detail ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
Moral Quality ◽  
Academic Philosophy ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Right ◽  
Articles Of Faith ◽  
Radical Ideas

Utilitarianism has a curious history. Its most celebrated founders—Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill—were radical progressives, straddling the worlds of academic philosophy, political science, economic theory and practical affairs. They made innumerable recommendations for legal, social, political and economic reform, often (especially in Bentham's case) described in fine detail. Some of these recommendations were followed, sooner or later, and many of their radical ideas have become close to articles of faith of western liberalism. Furthermore many of these recommendations were made expressly to improve the condition of the deprived, or of oppressed groups. Yet the moral theory which inspired this reforming zeal is, at least officially, utilitarianism, and when we teach this theory to our students we feel it our duty to point out the horrors that could be justified by any theory which assesses the moral quality of actions in terms of the maximization of good consequences over bad. No consequence is so bad that it cannot, in principle, be outweighed by a large aggregation of smaller goods. Hence there are circumstances in which utilitarianism can require slavery, the punishment of the innocent, and redistribution of resources from the poor to the rich, or from the disabled and the sick to the able bodied and healthy. Indeed, in the right circumstances, it can justify pretty much anything you can think of. For all their intelligence and imagination neither Bentham nor Mill seemed to recognise or discuss these catastrophic possibilities.

The Perils of Vanguardism

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 947-968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua C Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Causal Explanation ◽  
Unemployment Benefit ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Social Democrats ◽  
Asylum Policy ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Right ◽  
Unexpected Outcome

AbstractOver the past 25 years, Sweden has gone from having one of the most generous unemployment benefit systems among the rich democracies to one of the least. This article advances a multi-causal explanation for this unexpected outcome. It shows how the benefit system became a target of successive right-wing governments due to its role in fostering social democratic hegemony. Employer groups, radicalized by the turbulent 1970s more profoundly than elsewhere, sought to undermine the system, and their abandonment of corporatism in the early 1990s limited unions’ capacity to restrain right-wing governments in retrenchment initiatives. Two further developments help to explain the surprising political resilience of the cuts: the emergence of a private (supplementary) insurance regime and a realignment of working-class voters from the Social Democrats to parties of the right, especially the nativist Sweden Democrats, in the context of a liberal refugee/asylum policy.

scholarly journals The International Day of Light - May 16th

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 106
Author(s):  
Dominik Dorosz
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Social Awareness ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Further Development

During 39th session of UNESCO General Conference which held on 7 November 2017 the date May 16th was proclaimed as International Day of Light (IDL). This decision was made after the success of the International Year of Light (IYL) celebrated in 2015. It confirmed that raising awareness of the social role of photonics is crucial for further development. Based on the rich experience of IYL 2015 ("more than 13,000 activities took place in 147 countries to reach an estimated 100 million people"), the most important goals are to be followed by the IDL, including: raising social awareness, education, showing the influence of photonics on culture and art, promoting foreign cooperation and the important role of conducting basic research. As a result, it will lead to the creation of new solutions based on photonic technology, which has resulted in increased energy efficiency and improved quality of our life.

scholarly journals Factors of Influence on the State of Happiness in the Contemporary Russian Society

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail F. Chernysh
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Standards Of Living ◽  
The Social ◽  
State Of Mind ◽  
Considerable Impact ◽  
Factors Of Influence

The article analyzes the level of happiness on the basis of the data provided by the RLMS study. Happiness is viewed as a subjective state of mind influenced by the social situation in which an individual finds him or herself. The level of happiness turns out to be dependent on sex and age. The latter is especially salient: young people feel happy more often than respondents in more advanced age groups. Standards of living and employment are also marked as variable that have considerable impact on the level of happiness. It appears that income influences happiness indirectly through the parameters of social environment and norms that characterize it. A respondent feels somewhat happier if his or her level of material well-bing is higher than the average. The level of respect shown by other people towards the respondent is another factor that can impact the level of happiness. The feeling of loneliness is a variable with considerable influence on other parameters of social life: the lonelier is the person, the more likely he or she would feel unhappy. The study demonstrated that the level of happiness, against expectations, depends primarily on the quality of social milieu.

Tourist scams in the city: challenges for domestic travellers in urban China

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 294-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Li ◽  
Philip Pearce
Keyword(s):  
Social Situation ◽  
Urban China ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Tourist Attractions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Quality Of Products ◽  
The City ◽  
Directing Attention

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify dominant scams against domestic tourists in popular tourism cities in China. There are two questions of concern: what types of scams do domestic tourists experience and are the patterns of scams different between the capital and regional cities? The social situation framework was employed to interpret the outcomes. Design/methodology/approach A content analysis facilitated by Leximancer software was applied to 102 Chinese travel blogs reporting experiences of being scammed in Beijing, Hangzhou, Xi’an, Sanya and Guilin. Clear themes and concepts emerged from the analysis of these travel reviews and differences in scamming patterns between Beijing and regional cities were identified. Findings The most frequently reported scams in the capital Beijing were linked to the chaotic environment at tourist attractions and the misbehaviours of tour agents. By way of contrast scams involving manipulating the weight and quality of products purchased were more common in regional cities. The differences between Beijing and other locations may lie in the greater monitoring of fraudulent practices in the capital. Additionally, the role of shills (confederates of the scammer) was highlighted in many of the scams studied. Originality/value Scams include a slightly less serious but still troublesome set of problems accompanying major crimes and assaults. Rare research specifically focussed on tourist scams despite substantive work discussing crimes against tourists as general. Implications of the present study lie in enriching the literature on scams against tourists. The analysis of scams as a special type of social situation proved to be insightful in directing attention to facets of the interaction thus providing connections to previous work and directions for further study. It is also promising to be developed to inform strategic approaches to creating a safer tourism environment in cities.

scholarly journals A Cross-Genre Study of Online Gaming

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davinder Ghuman ◽  
Mark Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
Role Playing ◽  
Online Gaming ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Role Playing Games ◽  
The Social ◽  
First Person Shooter ◽  
Published Research ◽  
Achievement Levels

One key limitation with the contemporary online gaming research literature is that much of the published research has tended to examine only one genre of games (i.e., Massively Multi-player Online Role Playing Games). Three relatively little studied online games are First Person Shooter (FPS) Games, Role Play Games (RPG), and Real Time Strategy (RTS) Games. Therefore, the current study examines player behaviour and characteristics in these three relatively under-researched online gaming genres. The study examines the differences between the three different game genres in terms of: (i) the demographic profile of players, (ii) the social interactions of players including the number and quality of friends, and how gaming related to real life friendship, and (iii) motivations to play specific game genres. The sample comprised 353 self-selected players. The RPG genre had the highest percentage of female players. The number of hours played per week varied significantly between the genres. RPG players played significantly longer hours than FPS or RTS players. In relation to playing motivation, achievement levels were highest for the FPS genre with RPG genre having the lowest achievement levels. RPG players had the highest immersion levels. RTS players were significantly less likely to report having made friends than players of the other two genres.

The collaborative dimensions of argument maps: A socio-visual approach

Semiotica ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (220) ◽  
pp. 199-216
Author(s):  
Sabrina Bresciani ◽  
Martin J. Eppler
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Evaluation Tool ◽  
Organizational Decision Making ◽  
Argument Mapping ◽  
The Social ◽  
Visual Approach ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Complex Argumentation

AbstractThis paper examines the collaborative use of visual argument maps in the context of argument production in organizations. Argument maps are highly multimodal, as their use involves the combination of diagrams, text elements, as well as spoken statements. In this theoretical piece, we apply a Collaborative Dimensions framework to argument maps that can be used to better design, understand, evaluate, and use argument maps in collaborative settings for decision making purposes. Specifically, our conceptual framework – derived from interdisciplinary perspectives – takes into consideration how the visual dimensions of argument maps have a bearing on the social interactions of people involved in a complex argumentation process. We posit that cognitive dimensions of argument maps need to be enriched with additional communicative and collaborative dimensions in order to foster a more widespread adoption of argument mapping in organizational decision making. In our socio-visual approach to argument mapping, we thus distinguish the following seven dimensions: Visual Insight, Outcome Clarity, Directed Focus, Perceived Finishedness, Visual Appeal, Content Modifiability, and Collaboration Support. We illustrate the use of the framework as an evaluation tool and analyze three different approaches to argument mapping with the help of the seven dimensions. In this way, the framework can be used to improve collaborative argument mapping. Our contribution thus lies in proposing an interdisciplinary and theoretically grounded set of factors to augment the quality of argument maps, both from a process and a results perspective. In this manner we hope to contribute to the theory of argumentation through the rich notion of “collaborative dimensions,” as well as further the practice of collaborative argument production through a more reflective and systematic use of interactive argument visualization.

scholarly journals Los hechos jurídicos

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 809-836
Author(s):  
Rubén Compagnucci de Caso
Keyword(s):  
Logical Connection ◽  
Commercial Code ◽  
The Social ◽  
Legal Effect ◽  
Legal Consequence ◽  
Civil Codes ◽  
The One ◽  
General Aspects ◽  
The Right

This study is about “legal acts”, which is a division of “the general aspects of private law. Most of the Civil Codes in the 20th and 21st centuries which include these general aspects, dedicate several of their articles to rule on said matter and determine in this way their nature, require-ments and effects .An example of all this are the Civil Codes in Germany (BGB), Brazil, Mexico, Switzerland among other countries. The new Civil and Commercial Code in force in Argentina since Au-gust 1st, 2015 deals with this matter in Book I, Title V, Chapter I (articles 257 to 264).Acts are external events within the social reality which have the power to alter or modify the surrounding environment. In this context, their analysis and study only apply to those actions or facts of a juridical nature and are therefore of interest to the law. All this makes it necessary to take a stand in order to explain when and why an event either natural o human is to be considered a “legal act”. To give an answer to this question, there are two opposed theories on the subject and some other irrelevant opinions. In this present, it has been intended to define and clarify the main points of both theories. One idea sustains that a legal act is the one which has in itself the character and the ability to achieve a goal, that is, the legal effect. This leads to defining it as the causal event of logical connection making it possible to get said legal effect then becoming a quality of the object itself. This theory is called “traditional” or “causative”. The second theory, supported by most of the Italian lawmakers and well spread in the modern doctrine considers that the legal acts themselves do not have a particular virtue but that their legal or juridical character is given by the fact that they are presupposed to have fulfilled all sta-tutory requirements. All this has been called fattispecie or “regulating factual presuppositions” by the Italian lawmakers.When a rule or law understands that to have a legal consequence it is necessary to do one or more acts, said acts become legal acts. For example , the birth or the death of a person is a “natural” act, but in most legislations the person who is born has the right to acquire, and the deceased to transfer their estate to their heirs. Other aspects have also been considered, in particular the classification of the legal acts, and the most important is the one which distinguishes natural acts from human acts which are tho-se where a human being takes part and with the expression of their will can do what are simply called “legal acts” or “legal transactions”.

scholarly journals Tax legal education of citizens as a factor in ensuring tax security of Ukraine

2020 ◽  
pp. 143-146
Author(s):  
Pavlo Kolomiiets
Keyword(s):  
Social Role ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Educational Services ◽  
Intellectual Activity ◽  
The Social ◽  
Tax Education ◽  
The Individual

The statement of the problem of this research is conditioned by the results of the monitoring conducted by the author of the article on the quality of provision of educational services in the field of tax education and tax education to Ukrainian citizens, “the state of which does not satisfy the requirements that it faces in terms of building Ukrainian statehood, cultural and spiritual revival of the Ukrainian people. This is manifested primarily in the inadequacy of education to the needs of the individual, the social needs and worldly achievements of mankind; in the devaluation of the social prestige of education and intellectual activity; in distorting the goals and functions of education; bureaucratization of all links in the educational system. The dynamism inherent in modern civilization, the growth of the social role of the individual, the humanization and democratization of society, the intellectualization of labor, the rapid change of technology and technology all over the world, all require the creation of such conditions under which the people of Ukraine would become a constantly learning nation.”. The fundamental relevance of the investigated issues is, first of all, directly related to the official recognition that the directions of education development conducted during the 29 years of our country were not sufficiently systematic and complex in nature and therefore did not contribute to the formation of a comprehensive state policy in the field of education. Therefore, the relevance of the problem of improving the quality of tax, tax education and education of Ukrainian citizens is extremely important. The study is conditioned by the results of the monitoring conducted by the author of this article on the quality of provision of educational services in the field of tax education and tax education to Ukrainian citizens. Creating an actionable, real-life, small, compact and effective Tax Code of Ukraine will become a major source of tax knowledge and tax culture.

scholarly journals Specificity of Understanding of Deception at Presenile and Senile Age

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 187-210
Author(s):  
A.I. Melehin
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Work Status ◽  
Subjective Age ◽  
Cognitive Changes ◽  
Family Work ◽  
First Order ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
The Social

The article shows that since the age of 61-74, partial changes are observed in the understanding of deception with a predominance of an emotional-egocentric shift. There are no difficulties in understanding the social situation and the ability to draw conclusions about the false beliefs of only one person (“first-order” representations). At presenile (61-74 years) and senile (75-90 years) age, there is a shortage of representations of the "second" order of the mental model. The phenomenon of denial of socio-cognitive changes or specific cognitive anosognosia (i.e. most people at senile age do not notice a change in understanding of fraud) is described. General predictors of the deception understanding are highlighted: socio-demographic (level of education) and psychological (symptoms of depression, solitude, satisfaction with the quality of life, subjective age) as well was age-specific predictors: changes in family, work status, cognitive functioning and polymorbidity.

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