SOME ISSUES OF THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE IRANIAN TRIBES IN SOUTH RUSSIA IN MODERN HISTORIOGRAPHY.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.Л. Чибиров
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Early History ◽  
Aral Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The West ◽  
Cultural Image ◽  
History Of ◽  
Southern Russia ◽  
Danube Region ◽  
Cultural World

В статье на основе историографических данных освещаются вопросы ранней истории иранских племен южной России, населявших обширные территории Великой Степи, протянувшейся от Байкала на востоке до среднего течения Дуная на западе. Будучи гигантским природным коридором, соединявшим цивилизации Азии и Европы, Великая Степь являлась естественным продолжением иранского культурного мира, определявшего собой культурный облик прикаспийской и приаральской Азии и тесно связанного с культурным миром Месопотамии. Великая Степь постоянно принимала поток мигрантов-кочевников, двигавшихся с востока на запад. В историографии зона постоянных ареальных контактов названа циркумпонтийским регионом, с разных сторон примыкающим к Черному морю. Данные археологии дают основания усматривать здесь экспансию кавказских металлургических центров и связанных с ними степных групп в балкано-дунайский регион, что является результатом расселения древних индоевропейцев из каспийско-черноморских степей на запад и юго-запад с дальнейшим выделением конкретных индоевропейских групп. Одним из первых ученых, уделившим пристальное внимание иранству и эллинству как основе, на которой зарождалось славянство в южнорусских степях, был М.И.Ростовцев, роль и значимость которого для российской археологии и антиковедения трудно переоценить. The article on the basis of the historiographic data highlights the early history of the Iranian tribes of Southern Russia, which inhabited the vast territory of the Great Steppe, stretching from the Baikal in the east to the middle reaches of the Danube in the west. Being a gigantic natural corridor connecting the civilizations of Asia and Europe, the Great Steppe was a natural continuation of the Iranian cultural world, which determined the cultural image of the Caspian and the Aral Sea Asia and was closely connected with the cultural world of Mesopotamia. The Great Steppe constantly received a stream of nomad migrants moving from east to west. In historiography, the zone of constant areal contacts is called the Circumpontic region, which from different directions was adjacent to the Black Sea. Archeological data give grounds to see here the expansion of the Caucasian metallurgical centers and related steppe groups into the Balkan-Danube region, which is the result of the settlement of the ancient Indo-Europeans from the Caspian-Black Sea steppes to the west and south-west with the further identification of specific Indo-European groups. One of the first scholars to pay close attention to Iran and Hellenism as the basis on which Slavs arose in the southern Russian steppes was M.I.Rostovtsev, whose role and significance for Russian archeology and study of antiquity can hardly be overestimated.

The Later History of the Varangian Guard: Some Notes

1947 ◽  
Vol 37 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 39-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Dawkins
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Alps ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Way

The famous Varangian corps of mercenary soldiers in the service of the emperors of Byzantium is well known in its earlier days to have been recruited from the Scandinavian north. Forging their way from their own inhospitable lands the Northmen, first of all from Sweden, reached the Volga and the lands even to. the south of the Caspian; later by the ‘East Way’, called also the ‘Varangian Way’, they came down through Russia by way of the Dnieper and the Black Sea to Constantinople, first as pirates, then as traders, and finally as the most trusted guards of the imperial person. Later again they ventured on the all-sea route, the ‘West Way’, and also opened a path across Europe, either over the Alps or by way of Provence, and so through Italy: this was the ‘Southern Way’, otherwise called the ‘Way by Rome’ But in the eleventh century, in the first half of which Harald Hardrada, the most famous of all the Varangians, was in the imperial service, there was a certain change; recruits began to come increasingly from England.The first actual mention of the English name seems to be in a bull issued by the Emperor Alexios in 1088 to Christodoulos, the Abbot of the Monastery on Patmos.

Features of Development of the Black Sea Village in 1920s: Materials from the Black Sea Party Obkom Fond in the Documentation Center for Contemporary History of the Krasnodar Krai

2018 ◽  
pp. 1128-1136
Author(s):  
Olga V. Bershadskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Distinctive Feature ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Political Development ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Contemporary History ◽  
Krasnodar Krai ◽  
Geographical Environment ◽  
History Of

The article studies features of socio-economic and socio-political development of the Black Sea village in 1920s. Documents from the fond of the Black Sea District Committee (Obkom) of the RCP (b) -VKP (b) stored in the Center for Documentation of the Modern History of the Krasnodar Krai allow not only to reconstruct the developments in the Black Sea village in the NEP days, but also to understand the nature of its evolution. Uniqueness of the Black Sea village was greatly determined by its geographical environment. There had formed a sectoral makeup of agricultural production: fruit-farming, viticulture, tobacco growing. Rugged relief forced peasants to form holdings or farms; therefore rural communities were rare. Its another distinctive feature was its motley national composition. Over 50 ethnic groups inhabited the district, among most numerous were the Russians, the Ukrainians, the Armenians, and the Greeks. In the first years of the NEP, the main tasks facing district authorities were to develop ‘high-intensity’ industries and to shape local peasant farms into food base for cities and resorts. While tackling these tasks, they had to deal with shortages of land and poor communications and to bring lease relations and work-hands employment up to scratch. The situation was complicated by socio-political inertia of rural population of the district that came from the absence of community tradition. Study of the documents from the fond of the Black Sea party obkom shows that local authorities were well aware of the peculiarity of their region, but in most cases had to follow guidelines set ‘from above’ to introduce all-Russian standards.

SITE-SPECIFIC EQUATIONS OF STATE FOR COASTAL SEA AREAS AND INLAND WATER BODIES

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Andrulionis ◽  
Natalia Andrulionis ◽  
Ivan Zavialov ◽  
Ivan Zavialov ◽  
Elena Kovaleva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Equation Of State ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Equations Of State ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Aral Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Coastal Sea

This article presents a new method of laboratory density determination and construction equations of state for marine waters with various ionic compositions and salinities was developed. The validation of the method was performed using the Ocean Standard Seawater and the UNESCO thermodynamic equation of state (EOS-80). Density measurements of water samples from the Aral Sea, the Black Sea and the Issyk-Kul Lake were performed using a high-precision laboratory density meter. The obtained results were compared with the density values calculated for the considered water samples by the EOS-80 equation. It was shown that difference in ionic composition between Standard Seawater and the considered water bodies results in significant inaccuracies in determination of water density using the EOS-80 equation. Basing on the laboratory measurements of density under various salinity and temperature values we constructed a new equation of state for the Aral Sea and the Black Sea water samples and estimated errors for their coefficients.

A new cave-dwelling species of the genus Cimmerites Jeannel, 1928 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechini) from the West Caucasus

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-53
Author(s):  
I.A. Belousov ◽  
A.G. Koval
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Life Form ◽  
Intermediate Position ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The West ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Sea Coast

A new species of the genus Cimmerites Jeannel, 1928, C. maximovitchi sp. nov., is described from the Akhunskaya Cave and Labirintovaya Cave, both located in the Akhun Karst Massif on the Black Sea Coast of the West Caucasus (Krasnodar Territory, Russia). The new species is rather isolated within the genus Cimmerites and occupies an intermediate position between species related to C. kryzhanovskii Belousov, 1998 and species close to C. vagabundus Belousov, 1998. Though both C. maximovitchi sp. nov. and C. kryzhanovskii are still known only from caves, these species are quite similar in their life form to other members of the genus which are all true endogean species.

The northern Black Sea and North Caucasus

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valenina Mordvinceva ◽  
Sabine Reinhold
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The North ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Northern Shore ◽  
Greek Colonization

This chapter surveys the Iron Age in the region extending from the western Black Sea to the North Caucasus. As in many parts of Europe, this was the first period in which written sources named peoples, places, and historical events. The Black Sea saw Greek colonization from the seventh century BC and its northern shore later became the homeland of the important Bosporan kingdom. For a long time, researchers sought to identify tribes named by authors such as Herodotus by archaeological means, but this ethno-deterministic perspective has come under critique. Publication of important new data from across the region now permits us to draw a more coherent picture of successive cultures and of interactions between different parts of this vast area, shedding new light both on local histories and on the role ‘The East’ played in the history of Iron Age Europe.

Locating Crimea in Russian History

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly O'Neill
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Russian History ◽  
Southern Russia

This introductory chapter locates Crimea in Russian history. Early in the spring of 1783, Empress Catherine II announced that Russia had at long last annexed the Crimean Khanate. Russia had annexed coastal territory before as well, though it was possession of Crimea that gave it a substantive presence on the Black Sea. Crimea was neither the biggest nor the most lucrative of the empire's acquisitions. Its significance rests instead in the combination of cultural, chronological, and geographical conditions that made it an object of intense fascination and anxiety in distant St. Petersburg. Ultimately, the khanate presented a novel opportunity to Catherine and the “viceroy of Southern Russia,” Prince Grigorii Potemkin. Surveying the steppe, the mountains, the rivers, and the sea, they saw an opportunity not simply to integrate a new province, but to build a new empire—a southern empire.

scholarly journals Lack of marine entry into Marmara and Black Sea-lakes indicate low relative sea level during MIS 3 in the northeastern Mediterranean

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasia G. Yanchilina ◽  
Celine Grall ◽  
William B. F. Ryan ◽  
Jerry F. McManus ◽  
Candace O. Major
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Marmara Sea ◽  
Independent Data ◽  
Relative Sea Level ◽  
Mis 3 ◽  
History Of ◽  
Marine Isotope Stage 3

Abstract. The Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS 3) is considered a period of persistent and rapid climate and sea level variabilities during which eustatic sea level is observed to have varied by tens of meters. Constraints on local sea level during this time are critical for further estimates of these variabilities. We here present constraints on relative sea level in the Marmara and Black Sea regions in the northeastern Mediterranean, inferred from reconstructions of the history of the connections and disconnections (partial or total) of these seas together with the global ocean. We use a set of independent data from seismic imaging and core-analyses to infer that the Marmara and Black Seas remained connected persistent freshwater lakes that outflowed to the global ocean during the majority of MIS 3. Marine water intrusion during the early MIS-3 stage may have occurred into the Marmara Sea-Lake but not the Black Sea-Lake. This suggests that the relative sea level was near the paleo-elevation of the Bosporus sill and possibly slightly above the Dardanelles paleo-elevation, ~80 mbsl. The Eustatic sea level may have been even lower, considering the isostatic effects of the Eurasian ice sheet would have locally uplifted the topography of the northeastern Mediterrranean.

scholarly journals Level of relics in high-mountain flora of isolated Fisht-Oshten Massif and Chernomorskaya Chain

2019 ◽  
pp. 21-29
Author(s):  
I. N. Timukhin ◽  
B. S. Tuniyev
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
The West ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The Holocene ◽  
Alpine Species ◽  
High Level ◽  
First Time ◽  
Relic Species

For the first time the level of relics of the high-mountain flora of the northwestern edge of the highlands of the Caucasus has been established. The Fisht-Oshten Massif and the Black Sea Chain have a uniquely high level of relics - 51.0% (617 species), with a predominance of Tertiary-relic species - Rt - 41.2% (498 species). The second largest representation is a group of Holocene relics - Rx - 7.3% (88 species), the minimum represented Pleistocene relics - Rg - 2.5% (31 species). The relic level of alpine species is one of the highest in the Caucasus and is 52.8% (338 species). Alpine species also have predominance of Pliocene relics - 46.7% (299 species), the number of glacial relics is 2.5% (16 species), the share of xerothermic relics - 3.6% (23 species). In the preservation of relic species revealed general trends, depending on the remoteness of local flora from the main diaspora on the Fisht-Oshten Massif and the modern area of the meadow belt. These trends persist in Tertiary relics, while other patterns are observed for glacial and Holocene relics. The number of glacial relics fades to the west, most clearly it can be seen in alpine species. The number of Holocene relics as much as possible on the edge areas (Fisht-Oshten Massif and Mt. Semashkho) and minimally on the central peaks of the Black Sea Chain, where the Holocene expansion of xerophyte plants was insignificant.

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