scholarly journals Drug used in controlling chickens diseases, the withdrawal periods, and the threats of drugs residues in food chain. A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
Kelvin Ngongolo ◽  
Kitojo Omary ◽  
Chota Andrew
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Hard Copy ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Fowl Cholera ◽  
Percent Percent ◽  
Bursal Disease ◽  
Public Health Challenges ◽  
The Common ◽  
Antibiotic Residue ◽  
By Products

Drugs have been used by many farmers for the treatment of most infectious diseases in chicken regardless of their residue effects to human health if proper management has not adhered. This paper focuses on finding out the common chicken diseases, their prevalence, drugs used for treatment, and their residue implication in the chicken products and by-products. A systematic literature-review was used to synthesis the information from soft and hard copy sources of information. In this paper, it was noted that different infectious diseases were affecting chicken in Tanzania and other countries including Newcastle (Prevalence 7-90 percent percent per flock), Infectious bursal disease (Prevalence 7-100 percent per flock), Fowl Cholera (Prevalence 1-60 percent per flock), and Fowl Typhoid (Prevalence 0-20 percent per flock). As a remedy, drugs such as Amprolium, oxytetracycline, and sulphanilamide were used for treatment which could prompt antibiotic residues in chicken products and by-products. The antibiotic residue was reported in meat, eggs, liver, and kidneys of the chicken which are considered edible to a human thus posing public health challenges. In this regard, there is a need to create awareness to the farmers on the proper use of the drugs. In this case, the understanding of the withdrawal period for the applied drugs can minimize the risk of drug residues in chicken products.

scholarly journals Prevalence of common diseases of broiler and layer at Gazipur district in Bangladesh

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 290-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Arifur Rahman ◽  
Md Mostafijur Rahman ◽  
Monalisha Moonmoon ◽  
Khondoker Jahengir Alam ◽  
Md Zahirul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Mixed Infection ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Present Status ◽  
Infectious Bursal Disease ◽  
Fowl Cholera ◽  
Common Diseases ◽  
Bursal Disease ◽  
Veterinary Hospital ◽  
Commercial Chickens

The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of broiler and layer diseases at Gazipur sadar upazilla veterinary hospital in Bangladesh. A total of 296 either dead or sick birds were considered for the present study. Diagnosis of different diseases was made on the basis of history, owner’s complains, age of birds, presenting signs, clinical and necropsy examination findings. The prevalence of diseases was recorded in broiler (n=189) 63.9% and layer (n=107) 36.1%. In broiler the prevalence of Colibacillosis (33.4%) was higher followed by Omphalitis (23.8%), Infectious Bursal Disease-IBD (15.3%), Newcastle disease-ND (9.0%), mixed infection (7.4%), Gout (5.3%) and Coccidiosis (5.8%). In case of layer highest prevalence was recorded in Salmonellosis (19.6%). while other diseases were Collibacilosis (15.9%), Mycoplasmosis (12.1%), ND (10.3%), IBD (8.4), Mareks (9.3%), mixed infection (8.4%), Fowl Cholera (4.7%) and Mycotoxicosis (4.7%). The present findings will help poultry researchers and practitioner to know the present status of infectious diseases of commercial chickens in the study area and also help to establish flock based control strategy.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2017, 3(2): 290-293

Amorphous Polymeric Dithiazine apDTZ Solid Fouling: Critical Review, Analysis and Solution of an Ongoing Challenge in Triazine-Based Hydrogen Sulphide Mitigation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grahame Taylor ◽  
Jonathan Wylde ◽  
Walter Samaniego ◽  
Ken Sorbie
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulphide ◽  
Reaction Pathway ◽  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
Mechanism Of Formation ◽  
Review Analysis ◽  
Operational Problem ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
The Common ◽  
By Products ◽  
A Current

Abstract Despite attempts to inhibit or avoid the formation of fouling deposits (polymeric amorphous dithiazine or apDTZ for short) from the use of MEA triazine, this remains a major operational problem and limits the use of this most popular and ubiquitous hydrogen sulphide (H2S) scavenger. This paper (a) reviews and summarizes previous work, (b) provides fresh insights into the reaction product and mechanism of formation, (c) proposes an effective method of removal, and (d) proposes some mechanisms of apDTZ digestion. The mechanism of apDTZ formation is discussed and reasoning is provided from a variety of perspectives as to the mechanism of MEA-triazine reaction with H2S. These include basicity and nucleophilic substitution considerations, steric properties and theoretical calculations for electron density. Novel procedures to chemically react with and destroy this solid fouling are presented with an in-depth study and experimental verification of the underlying chemistry of this digestion process. A review of agents to chemically destroy apDTZ is undertaken and a very effective solution has been found in peroxyacetic acid, which is much more powerful and effective than previously suggested peroxides. The structure of amorphous polymeric dithiazine is emphasized and the reason why this fouling cannot be 1,3,5-trithiane is stressed. This work therefore overcomes a current industry misconception by providing insight on two major paradoxes in the reaction pathway; namely i) why the thiadiazine reaction product from tris hydroxyethyl triazine (MEA triazine) is never observed and ii) why does the dithiazine in all cases never progress to the trithiane (3rd sulphur molecule substitution)? The latter issue is probably the biggest misconception in the industry and literature regarding triazine and H2S reactions. Many reasons for this are put forward and the common misconception of "overspent" triazine is refuted. A very effective chemical reaction that results in soluble by-products, counteracting the problems produced by this intractable polymer is found and their composition is proposed and experimentally verified.

scholarly journals Initial Survey of Pesticide Residues in Baby’s food and The Exceedances of Maximum Residual Limit (MRLs)

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluwaseun Babalola ◽  
Ajoke Raji
Keyword(s):  
Pesticide Residues ◽  
Potential Interaction ◽  
Developmental Phase ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Common ◽  
Initial Survey ◽  
By Products ◽  
Storage Pest ◽  
Food Produce ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Remnant or by-products of pesticides arising from the field or storage pest applications sometimes find their ways into the final food produce. They are called pesticide residues. Studies have shown the occurrence of these residues in various food produce including tea, fruits, vegetables, beverages and even baby and infants food. With about 800 pesticides permitted for use globally, residue becomes almost inevitable. For the infants, and young children, the health effects at that critical developmental phase could be severe and irreversible. This is because quantitative and qualitative differences in pesticides absorption, metabolism, detoxification and excretion relative to adults, make the children more susceptible due to much higher kg per body weight. This study assessed the pesticide residues in the common baby food and compared with international maximum residual limits. Using gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection, five infant and baby’s food tagged A, B, C, D and E were analyzed. In all, multiple residues involving various twenty five pesticides were detected in the five food products. Fifteen of the pesticides including resmethrin (0.0002 µg/g), chlorpyrifos (0.0002 µg/g), allethrin (0.0004 µg/g), piperonyl butoxil (0.0003 µg/g), cyfluthrin (0.0001 µg/g), chlorpyrifos methyl (0.0002 µg/g), diclorovos (0.0001 µg/g), fluridane (0.0002 µg/g), fludioxonil (0.0002 µg/g and 0.0001 µg/g), lindane (0.0002 µg/g), daminozide (0.0002 µg/g), methy paraoxon (0.0001 µg/g) and DDE.p.p (0.0002 µg/g and 0.0001 µg/g) were above the WHO and USEPA maximum residual limits. The potential interaction of different mixtures for those pesticides that are below international residual limits as well as the occurrence of those at concentrations above these standards called for serious concerns, giving their critical effects on nervous, endocrine and immune systems. Further studies must be encouraged to determine the status of residue in other foods and the elimination of these residues, particularly in the infants and baby’s food.

scholarly journals Beyond Obesity and Lifestyle: A Review of 21st Century Chronic Disease Determinants

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garry Egger ◽  
John Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Obesity Management ◽  
Environmental Determinants ◽  
Obesity Epidemic ◽  
Per Se ◽  
By Products

The obesity epidemic and associated chronic diseases are often attributed to modern lifestyles. The term “lifestyle” however, ignores broader social, economic, and environmental determinants while inadvertently “blaming the victim.” Seen more eclectically, lifestyle encompasses distal, medial, and proximal determinants. Hence any analysis of causality should include all these levels. The term “anthropogens,” or “…man-made environments, their by-products and/or lifestyles encouraged by these, some of which may be detrimental to human health” provides a monocausal focus for chronic diseases similar to that which the germ theory afforded infectious diseases. Anthropogens have in common an ability to induce a form of chronic, low-level systemic inflammation (“metaflammation”). A review of anthropogens, based on inducers with a metaflammatory association, is conducted here, together with the evidence for each in connection with a number of chronic diseases. This suggests a broader view of lifestyle and a focus on determinants, rather than obesity and lifestyleper seas the specific causes of modern chronic disease. Under such an analysis, obesity is seen more as “a canary in a mineshaft” signaling problems in the broader environment, suggesting that population obesity management should be focused more upstream if chronic diseases are to be better managed.

San Felipe on the Yucatan Peninsula Coast. Socioeconomic, Demographic and Housing Diagnosis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Fraga Berdugo ◽  
◽  
Ana Gavaldon Hoshiko
Keyword(s):  
Yucatan Peninsula ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Precautionary Approach ◽  
Yucatán Peninsula ◽  
Coastal Marine ◽  
Urban Problem ◽  
Common Thread ◽  
The Common

Between comprehension and understanding an urban problem (¿Towards where San Felipe will grow housing taking into account the ecosystem coastal-marine?) we entered the community with a precautionary approach due to the absence of sources of information or that they were not robust enough to understand the common thread of the study that it was intended to perform

The Common Infectious Diseases

1986 ◽  
pp. 157-182
Author(s):  
D. Brooks ◽  
E. M. Dunbar
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
The Common

Immune and Infectious Diseases

2018 ◽  
pp. 430-470
Author(s):  
Andrea C. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Young People ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Temporal Profile ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Common

Many immune-mediated diseases and infections affect the central and peripheral nervous systems. The common feature that characterizes both immune-mediated diseases and infections is a subacute temporal profile. Immune-mediated disease can affect only the nervous system or involve the nervous system as part of a systemic illness, as in vasculitis and connective tissue disease. Multiple sclerosis (MS), the most common disabling neurologic illness of young people, is the prototypical immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system (CNS).

Health hazards in the paleontology laboratory

1989 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 30-36
Author(s):  
Katherine M. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Medical Literature ◽  
Safety Information ◽  
Health Hazards ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Toxic Chemicals ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual ◽  
By Products

Recent medical literature has pointed out the health hazards associated with industrial wastes and by-products; however, little emphasis has been placed on the dangers inherent in scientific laboratories. These hazards range from direct contact with toxic chemicals and vapors to exposure to ionizing radiation. The damage may be acute or chronic; the effects temporary or residual. What follows is a summary of the common hazards, the basic management of laboratory trauma, and guidelines to prevent injury. The individual preceding chapters also contain safety information relative to the specific lab techniques discussed.

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