Survey on Antibiotic Residues in Egg Samples in Italy

The presence of antibiotic residue in eggs is a current issue due to the increasingly important phenomenon of antibiotic resistance. A multiclass, confirmatory method for the determination of seventy-three antimicrobial agents (amphenicols, cephalosporins, diaminopyrimidines, lincosamides, macrolides, penicillins, pleuromutilins, quinolones, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines) with liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry was applied to 200 egg samples collected from 119 Italian farms during the years 2018–2021.

Evaluation of Antibiotic Residue in Cow Milk and Its Impact on Danio Rerio

Ceftriaxone (CEFT), a widely used wide-spectrum beta -lactam cephalosporin antibiotic, is used to treat bovine mastitis, which is caused by a variety of bacteria. When this antibiotic is used injudiciously, it leaves a residue that persists after pasteurization. Antibiotic residue contamination occurs when antibiotic residue exceeds its Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs).This has a negative impact on both public health and the environment. The aim of a recent study was to determine the concentration of ceftriaxone residue (CEFTR) in raw and pasteurized mastitis cow milk, as well as its role in developmental toxicity and genotoxicity in zebra fish model. CEFTR concentrations in raw and pasteurized milk were several times higher than CEFT's MRL. CEFTR showed a decrease in body length and yolk sac region of zebra fish larvae 7-amino cephalosporanic acid (7-ACA), C3 and C7 are the cephalosporin constituents that produced by the breakdown of CEFT that may present in CEFTR, have an impact on the zebra fish embryo in this stage of development. Comet Assay or single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) also exhibited highest percentage of tail DNA, and tail moment that is the ultimate indicator of DNA damage by breaking DNA strands and incorporating guanine residue in the genome that ultimately damages DNA. As a result, the CEFTR is extremely concerning for public health and the environment. The toxic effects of the CEFTR in zebra fish model have not been studied yet. This is the first comprehensive study.

Functional and Mechanistic Studies of Two Anti-coccidial Herbs, Bidens pilosa and Artemisia indica

Currently, antibiotics are commonly used to treat coccidiosis, a severe protozoal disease in chickens. However, due to growing concerns about the antibiotic residue in meat and eggs, phytogenic formulations are becoming an attractive approach to manage this disease. In this study, we investigated the anti-coccidial function and mechanism of phytogenic formulations composed of Bidens pilosa, Artemisia indica, and both used in combination. We found that these formulations increased the survival rate and reduced body weight loss, the feed conversion ratio, oocyst excretion, bloody stools, and gut lesions of chickens. Mechanistic studies showed that A. indica, but not B. pilosa, reduced the survival of Eimeria oocysts. Accordingly, they both inhibited oocyst sporulation and sporozoite invasion into Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells. Overall, we demonstrate that these formulations protect chickens against coccidiosis. Moreover, a combination of B. pilosa and A. indica has an additive effect on coccidiosis control and growth performance in chickens compared to either one used alone.