Drug used in controlling chickens diseases, the withdrawal periods, and the threats of drugs residues in food chain. A review

Drugs have been used by many farmers for the treatment of most infectious diseases in chicken regardless of their residue effects to human health if proper management has not adhered. This paper focuses on finding out the common chicken diseases, their prevalence, drugs used for treatment, and their residue implication in the chicken products and by-products. A systematic literature-review was used to synthesis the information from soft and hard copy sources of information. In this paper, it was noted that different infectious diseases were affecting chicken in Tanzania and other countries including Newcastle (Prevalence 7-90 percent percent per flock), Infectious bursal disease (Prevalence 7-100 percent per flock), Fowl Cholera (Prevalence 1-60 percent per flock), and Fowl Typhoid (Prevalence 0-20 percent per flock). As a remedy, drugs such as Amprolium, oxytetracycline, and sulphanilamide were used for treatment which could prompt antibiotic residues in chicken products and by-products. The antibiotic residue was reported in meat, eggs, liver, and kidneys of the chicken which are considered edible to a human thus posing public health challenges. In this regard, there is a need to create awareness to the farmers on the proper use of the drugs. In this case, the understanding of the withdrawal period for the applied drugs can minimize the risk of drug residues in chicken products.

Gambaran Faktor Predisposing Yang Mempengaruhi Rendahnya Pemberian Asi Eksklusif Pada Bayi Usia 0-6 Bulan Di Puskesmas Cileunyi

ABSTRAK ASI merupakan makanan pertama, utama dan terbaik bagi bayi, yang bersifat alamiah. Rendahnya angka bayi yang disusui dapat dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor, baik faktor pemudah (predisposing factors, faktor pendukung (enabling factors) dan faktor pendorong (reinforcing factors). Data yang didapat dari Profil Kesehatan Jawa Barat tahun 2014, bahwa hanya 20,67% bayi usia 0-6 bulan yang mendapatkan ASI Eksklusif dari jumlah total bayi usia 0-6 bulan yaitu 12.508. Cakupan pemberian ASI eksklusif bagi bayi 0-6 bulan di Indonesia pada tahun 2013 mencapai 61,1%, namun mengalami penurunan pada tahun 2014 menjadi 33,6%. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan desain deskritif. Populasi penelitian adalah ibu yang memiliki bayi berusia lebih dari 6 bulan sebanyak 63 orang yang tidak memberikan ASI Eksklusif. Sampel yang digunakan yaitu total sampling. Tekhnik pengumpulan data menggunakan questioner dan analisa data yang digunakan univariat.. Hasil penelitian dari 63 responden ibu dengan tingkat pendidikan terakhir ibu sebanyak 44.4% berpendidikan SMP-SMA, 42.9% SD, 7.9% tidk pernah sekolah dan 4.8% akademi tinggi/PT. Frekuensi pengetahuan ibu terhadap ASI Eksklusif sebesar 65.1% berpengetahuan kurang, 31.7% berpengetahuan cukup dan 3.2% berpengetahuan baik. Budaya yang mempengaruhi pemberian ASI Eksklsusif sebanyak 63.5% terdapat tradisi tertentu dan 36.5% tidak terdapat tradisi tertentu. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan agar petugas kesehatan dapat meningkatkan dukungan melalui edukasi, dan meningkatkan pengetahuan masyarakat mengenai pentingnya ASI eksklusif melalui penyuluhan oleh bidan dan para kader khususnya penyuluhan yang terfokus kepada ibu hamil dan ibu menyusui. Breastfeeding constitute the food of first , main and best for baby , that is natural .An infant who is being suckled this matters can be influenced by various factors , good factors pemudah ( predisposing factors , by factors in support of ( enabling options factors ) and motivation factor ( reinforcing factors ) .The data obtained from health profile west java 2014 , that only 20.67 % of children aged 6-0 months are breastfed of the total number of children aged 6-0 months namely 12.508 . The scope of the provision for the exclusive breastfeeding 0-6 months in indonesia in 2013 % 61,1 reached , but fell in 2014 to 33,6 % .The methodology applied deskritif design .The population study areas is that women have babies aged over 6 months as much as 63 people who do not give exclusive breastfeeding .The sampling method used the total sample .Using questioner tekhnik data collection and analysis of the data used univariat .. The results of the study of 63 respondents mother with education levels last mother 44.4, smp-sma % have as many as 42.9, primary percent percent had 7.9 tidk 4.8 percent high school and academy /. ptThe frequency of the breastfeeding exclusive knowledge of as much as percent less, 65.1 knowledge knowledgeable 31.7 percent moderate and percent. 3.2 knowledge eitherThe culture that affects as many as breastfeeding eksklsusif 63.5 % tradition 36.5 percent certain there is no particular tradition. his study recommended that health workers to increase support through education, and increased community knowledge about the importance of breastfeeding exclusively through extension activities by the midwife and kaders especially extension that focus to pregnant women and nursing mother.

ANALISIS PENERIMAAN DAN BAGI HASIL PAJAK KENDARAAN BERMOTOR PADA DINAS PENDAPATAN DAERAH PROVINSI SULAWESI UTARA

Tax is one of the state and regional revenue that must be optimized to support the project in the framework of tourism. Motor Vehicle Tax is one type of Provincial Tax which will result from its receipt will also be submitted to Regency/City with profit sharing system. The results of the Motor Vehicle Tax Receipts shall be allocated at least 10% (percent percent) for the improvement of road infrastructure and improvements to public transportation modes. This study aims to determine and analyze Income from Motor Vehicle Tax at North Sulawesi Revenue Service Office. This research uses descriptive research method. The result of research shows that realization of profit sharing of motor vehicle tax in North Sulawesi province has been in accordance with Government Regulation and Distribution of Motorized Tax Realization in 2017 has exceeded predetermined target of provincial tax sector is high.Keywords: Taxes, Motor Vehicle Taxes, Profit Sharing

Participatory varietal selection among elite cowpea genotypes in northern Namibia

The objective of this study was to select cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.) varieties that meet farmers’ needs in Namibia, from a set of newly developed and elite cowpea varieties developed through gamma irradiation. Thirty four candidate mutant cowpea varieties derived from three local varieties, (Shindimba, Bira and Nakare), were evaluated for nine agronomic traits. The new genotypes descended from Bira were favourably selected by all participants for their best plant cover. The genotype L1P12 (Bi450) was preferred by 81 percent percent of farmers for its higher pod setting ability. The genotype R4P5 (Nk150) with longer pod size and R3P1 (Bi600) with early maturity were ideal candidates preferred by nearly all farmers. The present study has identified farmers’ most-preferred cowpea varieties selected for their best agronomic performances and drought tolerance. These selected cowpea genotype lines will further be subjected to distinct, uniformity and stability trials for varietal registration and release.